[![build](https://github.com/sergv/atomic-counter/actions/workflows/haskell-ci.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sergv/atomic-counter/actions/workflows/haskell-ci.yaml) # Synopsis Mutable cells that hold an integer value and can be safely modified from multiple threads. Support only few operations: read, write, +, -, and bitwise and, or, xor and nand. Good use case is a shared counter that multiple threads increment. Operations translate to atomic CPU instructions which involve memory barrier. For limited set of operation this package provides in concurrent setting they tend to be faster than atomic modify operation on `IORef`s and other shared var types. Value inside the `Counter` type is unboxed which contributes to outperforming all other shared vars because they box the value they store. For integers boxing is especially bad. For single-threaded use case this package will likely not outperform vanilla `IORef`s or `STRef`s (it depends on whether GHC adds memory barrier for them or not, cf https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc/-/issues/22764, if it does end up adding the same memory barrier then both this package and `IORef` should be equal). All in all, operations this package provides will incur guaranteed memory barrier which will serve no purpose in single-threaded settings so for that use case this package is probably not the best. The intended use of this package is in the concurrent setting where it does seem like a clear winner (please see benchmarks below). # Benchmark ### Summary Depending on number of threads `Counter` from this package can be up to 10 times faster than next best `TVar` from the `stm` package. ### Details The benchmark is to spawn N threads each of which will increment the same counter by 1 for a number of iterations. Test setup: Intel i5-9600K CPU @ 3.70GHz, 6 cores, no hyperthreading, GHC 9.6.1. NB `IORef inconsistent` is the benchmark that just reads and writes `IORef` with the fastest functions the `IORef` supports. It gives wrong results when multiple threads access `IORef` this way since these reads and writes are not synchronized. It’s included only for speed comparison purposes. All others do proper synchronization of increments between the threads. Current package is shown as `Counter`. ``` $ cabal run bench -- -j1 --timeout 300 --stdev 2 All Correctness: OK (13.97s) +++ OK, passed 10000 tests. Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 1 threads Counter: OK (14.23s) 839 ns ± 33 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (1.08s) 1.03 μs ± 36 ns, 1.23x IORef atomic: OK (1.30s) 1.25 μs ± 40 ns, 1.48x MVar: OK (10.53s) 1.24 μs ± 13 ns, 1.48x TMVar: OK (0.65s) 1.18 μs ± 30 ns, 1.41x TVar: OK (0.33s) 1.13 μs ± 45 ns, 1.35x Addr: OK (3.37s) 818 ns ± 28 ns, 0.97x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 1 threads Counter: OK (1.47s) 1.35 μs ± 24 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (17.27s) 2.09 μs ± 47 ns, 1.55x IORef atomic: OK (0.45s) 3.22 μs ± 122 ns, 2.38x MVar: OK (3.15s) 2.97 μs ± 30 ns, 2.20x TMVar: OK (1.24s) 4.65 μs ± 64 ns, 3.44x TVar: OK (2.43s) 4.61 μs ± 158 ns, 3.41x Addr: OK (1.16s) 1.09 μs ± 22 ns, 0.80x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 1 threads Counter: OK (0.47s) 6.48 μs ± 235 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (0.78s) 2.76 μs ± 88 ns, 0.43x IORef atomic: OK (0.60s) 17.5 μs ± 399 ns, 2.69x MVar: OK (2.09s) 15.8 μs ± 208 ns, 2.43x TMVar: OK (0.40s) 48.3 μs ± 1.9 μs, 7.46x TVar: OK (0.55s) 32.4 μs ± 713 ns, 5.00x Addr: OK (0.34s) 4.73 μs ± 189 ns, 0.73x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 1 threads Counter: OK (0.50s) 58.4 μs ± 2.1 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.42s) 23.8 μs ± 829 ns, 0.41x IORef atomic: OK (0.73s) 168 μs ± 3.8 μs, 2.87x MVar: OK (0.66s) 157 μs ± 4.6 μs, 2.69x TMVar: OK (2.09s) 512 μs ± 7.2 μs, 8.78x TVar: OK (1.39s) 321 μs ± 6.7 μs, 5.50x Addr: OK (47.12s) 43.8 μs ± 562 ns, 0.75x Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 2 threads Counter: OK (1.10s) 7.85 μs ± 144 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (1.93s) 7.65 μs ± 201 ns, 0.97x IORef atomic: OK (0.54s) 8.16 μs ± 235 ns, 1.04x MVar: OK (7.81s) 7.81 μs ± 72 ns, 0.99x TMVar: OK (0.49s) 7.98 μs ± 292 ns, 1.02x TVar: OK (1.91s) 7.98 μs ± 181 ns, 1.02x Addr: OK (2.01s) 7.64 μs ± 213 ns, 0.97x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 2 threads Counter: OK (1.00s) 8.50 μs ± 290 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (8.00s) 8.13 μs ± 133 ns, 0.96x IORef atomic: OK (2.80s) 13.3 μs ± 358 ns, 1.56x MVar: OK (4.64s) 19.2 μs ± 473 ns, 2.25x TMVar: OK (5.52s) 32.3 μs ± 1.1 μs, 3.80x TVar: OK (83.27s) 30.5 μs ± 279 ns, 3.59x Addr: OK (4.38s) 8.71 μs ± 333 ns, 1.03x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 2 threads Counter: OK (28.57s) 43.7 μs ± 106 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (0.91s) 17.2 μs ± 669 ns, 0.39x IORef atomic: OK (130.48s) 223 μs ± 10 μs, 5.09x MVar: OK (1.19s) 5.11 ms ± 173 μs, 116.88x TMVar: OK (0.33s) 295 μs ± 7.7 μs, 6.75x TVar: OK (1.44s) 337 μs ± 10 μs, 7.71x Addr: OK (0.47s) 49.3 μs ± 915 ns, 1.13x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 2 threads Counter: OK (0.51s) 466 μs ± 17 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (13.49s) 190 μs ± 1.2 μs, 0.41x IORef atomic: OK (71.77s) 1.80 ms ± 33 μs, 3.86x MVar: OK (7.23s) 60.1 ms ± 505 μs, 128.83x TMVar: OK (1.50s) 2.39 ms ± 39 μs, 5.13x TVar: OK (108.24s) 3.13 ms ± 405 μs, 6.70x Addr: OK (0.29s) 531 μs ± 20 μs, 1.14x Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 4 threads Counter: OK (2.33s) 15.5 μs ± 384 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (2.41s) 15.6 μs ± 52 ns, 1.01x IORef atomic: OK (1.56s) 19.5 μs ± 487 ns, 1.26x MVar: OK (1.51s) 28.9 μs ± 647 ns, 1.87x TMVar: OK (2.88s) 19.9 μs ± 439 ns, 1.29x TVar: OK (0.38s) 18.2 μs ± 332 ns, 1.18x Addr: OK (0.59s) 15.3 μs ± 477 ns, 0.99x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 4 threads Counter: OK (1.63s) 25.3 μs ± 723 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (0.35s) 17.6 μs ± 451 ns, 0.69x IORef atomic: OK (0.46s) 154 μs ± 2.1 μs, 6.08x MVar: OK (0.62s) 1.20 ms ± 38 μs, 47.27x TMVar: OK (0.12s) 191 μs ± 7.4 μs, 7.54x TVar: OK (0.14s) 221 μs ± 6.6 μs, 8.71x Addr: OK (0.75s) 21.0 μs ± 228 ns, 0.83x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 4 threads Counter: OK (0.17s) 242 μs ± 6.7 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.15s) 103 μs ± 2.7 μs, 0.43x IORef atomic: OK (2.28s) 1.71 ms ± 36 μs, 7.07x MVar: OK (0.41s) 12.9 ms ± 338 μs, 53.16x TMVar: OK (0.29s) 2.08 ms ± 65 μs, 8.61x TVar: OK (0.17s) 2.23 ms ± 73 μs, 9.21x Addr: OK (0.58s) 234 μs ± 1.9 μs, 0.97x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 4 threads Counter: OK (0.17s) 2.24 ms ± 60 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (9.34s) 1.00 ms ± 31 μs, 0.45x IORef atomic: OK (70.87s) 22.0 ms ± 820 μs, 9.80x MVar: OK (0.74s) 126 ms ± 1.9 ms, 56.07x TMVar: OK (0.33s) 19.0 ms ± 670 μs, 8.48x TVar: OK (0.09s) 20.8 ms ± 732 μs, 9.27x Addr: OK (0.18s) 2.45 ms ± 97 μs, 1.09x Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 6 threads Counter: OK (6.77s) 23.9 μs ± 813 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (0.42s) 23.4 μs ± 712 ns, 0.98x IORef atomic: OK (0.70s) 39.4 μs ± 747 ns, 1.65x MVar: OK (1.32s) 50.0 μs ± 1.0 μs, 2.09x TMVar: OK (0.52s) 35.3 μs ± 449 ns, 1.47x TVar: OK (3.93s) 32.6 μs ± 93 ns, 1.37x Addr: OK (0.42s) 23.4 μs ± 381 ns, 0.98x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 6 threads Counter: OK (1.20s) 47.8 μs ± 866 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (0.24s) 26.9 μs ± 983 ns, 0.56x IORef atomic: OK (1.46s) 483 μs ± 17 μs, 10.10x MVar: OK (2.01s) 1.86 ms ± 13 μs, 38.97x TMVar: OK (0.49s) 519 μs ± 4.5 μs, 10.86x TVar: OK (14.78s) 521 μs ± 14 μs, 10.91x Addr: OK (0.56s) 43.1 μs ± 1.6 μs, 0.90x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 6 threads Counter: OK (13.77s) 459 μs ± 8.8 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.23s) 207 μs ± 4.1 μs, 0.45x IORef atomic: OK (2.10s) 3.48 ms ± 70 μs, 7.58x MVar: OK (0.64s) 19.3 ms ± 555 μs, 42.03x TMVar: OK (1.07s) 5.55 ms ± 161 μs, 12.08x TVar: OK (0.27s) 4.85 ms ± 189 μs, 10.56x Addr: OK (27.53s) 461 μs ± 4.8 μs, 1.00x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 6 threads Counter: OK (0.52s) 4.88 ms ± 142 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.25s) 2.25 ms ± 24 μs, 0.46x IORef atomic: OK (66.59s) 75.5 ms ± 11 ms, 15.46x MVar: OK (2.85s) 193 ms ± 4.2 ms, 39.54x TMVar: OK (0.16s) 54.9 ms ± 1.6 ms, 11.25x TVar: OK (10.04s) 47.1 ms ± 339 μs, 9.64x Addr: OK (0.52s) 4.94 ms ± 89 μs, 1.01x Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 8 threads Counter: OK (1.84s) 27.3 μs ± 1.0 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (1.98s) 27.5 μs ± 1.0 μs, 1.01x IORef atomic: OK (0.91s) 56.1 μs ± 787 ns, 2.06x MVar: OK (0.69s) 94.9 μs ± 3.2 μs, 3.48x TMVar: OK (1.35s) 56.1 μs ± 1.5 μs, 2.06x TVar: OK (0.36s) 51.7 μs ± 1.5 μs, 1.89x Addr: OK (0.24s) 26.3 μs ± 672 ns, 0.96x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 8 threads Counter: OK (1.41s) 63.1 μs ± 1.2 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (8.38s) 33.3 μs ± 503 ns, 0.53x IORef atomic: OK (0.59s) 709 μs ± 21 μs, 11.25x MVar: OK (1.21s) 2.31 ms ± 49 μs, 36.65x TMVar: OK (4.67s) 667 μs ± 18 μs, 10.58x TVar: OK (4.81s) 690 μs ± 6.5 μs, 10.94x Addr: OK (0.69s) 59.6 μs ± 1.7 μs, 0.94x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 8 threads Counter: OK (0.16s) 583 μs ± 13 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (1.13s) 304 μs ± 3.5 μs, 0.52x IORef atomic: OK (93.87s) 7.12 ms ± 158 μs, 12.22x MVar: OK (1.54s) 24.4 ms ± 541 μs, 41.83x TMVar: OK (0.09s) 6.32 ms ± 241 μs, 10.84x TVar: OK (0.67s) 6.36 ms ± 221 μs, 10.92x Addr: OK (0.56s) 540 μs ± 20 μs, 0.93x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 8 threads Counter: OK (5.13s) 5.67 ms ± 68 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.16s) 3.14 ms ± 69 μs, 0.55x IORef atomic: OK (35.04s) 148 ms ± 319 μs, 26.14x MVar: OK (1.58s) 230 ms ± 8.7 ms, 40.61x TMVar: OK (26.99s) 65.9 ms ± 4.1 ms, 11.62x TVar: OK (3.41s) 66.6 ms ± 779 μs, 11.75x Addr: OK (0.16s) 5.84 ms ± 164 μs, 1.03x Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 12 threads Counter: OK (0.54s) 30.5 μs ± 452 ns IORef inconsistent: OK (0.29s) 32.4 μs ± 820 ns, 1.06x IORef atomic: OK (7.93s) 70.3 μs ± 436 ns, 2.30x MVar: OK (0.44s) 232 μs ± 8.7 μs, 7.59x TMVar: OK (13.74s) 80.4 μs ± 2.3 μs, 2.64x TVar: OK (1.73s) 79.2 μs ± 2.7 μs, 2.60x Addr: OK (0.26s) 29.6 μs ± 1.0 μs, 0.97x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 12 threads Counter: OK (0.49s) 98.0 μs ± 1.1 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.66s) 48.2 μs ± 561 ns, 0.49x IORef atomic: OK (0.88s) 1.07 ms ± 39 μs, 10.89x MVar: OK (0.86s) 3.18 ms ± 61 μs, 32.48x TMVar: OK (0.21s) 1.00 ms ± 21 μs, 10.19x TVar: OK (0.12s) 1.06 ms ± 29 μs, 10.77x Addr: OK (0.13s) 94.0 μs ± 2.7 μs, 0.96x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 12 threads Counter: OK (6.78s) 955 μs ± 5.9 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.22s) 466 μs ± 16 μs, 0.49x IORef atomic: OK (2.46s) 11.1 ms ± 109 μs, 11.62x MVar: OK (1.14s) 34.3 ms ± 923 μs, 35.98x TMVar: OK (8.60s) 10.7 ms ± 226 μs, 11.22x TVar: OK (4.18s) 9.82 ms ± 42 μs, 10.29x Addr: OK (0.42s) 1.00 ms ± 40 μs, 1.05x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 12 threads Counter: OK (1.99s) 9.45 ms ± 116 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (7.78s) 4.74 ms ± 7.4 μs, 0.50x IORef atomic: OK (82.99s) 304 ms ± 66 ms, 32.15x MVar: OK (11.29s) 343 ms ± 8.3 ms, 36.34x TMVar: OK (0.33s) 116 ms ± 1.9 ms, 12.23x TVar: OK (10.63s) 105 ms ± 1.5 ms, 11.15x Addr: OK (3.97s) 9.47 ms ± 361 μs, 1.00x Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 16 threads Counter: OK (0.20s) 42.1 μs ± 1.3 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.18s) 40.5 μs ± 1.4 μs, 0.96x IORef atomic: OK (1.08s) 153 μs ± 662 ns, 3.63x MVar: OK (1.56s) 408 μs ± 9.1 μs, 9.69x TMVar: OK (2.43s) 128 μs ± 1.9 μs, 3.04x TVar: OK (0.16s) 135 μs ± 5.0 μs, 3.19x Addr: OK (0.32s) 40.6 μs ± 940 ns, 0.96x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 16 threads Counter: OK (0.32s) 131 μs ± 2.1 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (1.68s) 75.4 μs ± 1.6 μs, 0.58x IORef atomic: OK (4.05s) 1.27 ms ± 45 μs, 9.70x MVar: OK (4.53s) 4.39 ms ± 85 μs, 33.50x TMVar: OK (0.16s) 1.48 ms ± 40 μs, 11.30x TVar: OK (1.20s) 1.45 ms ± 5.5 μs, 11.06x Addr: OK (4.85s) 131 μs ± 1.3 μs, 1.00x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 16 threads Counter: OK (0.15s) 1.05 ms ± 32 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.28s) 632 μs ± 12 μs, 0.60x IORef atomic: OK (53.85s) 16.3 ms ± 1.5 ms, 15.58x MVar: OK (2.98s) 46.6 ms ± 672 μs, 44.57x TMVar: OK (0.09s) 15.2 ms ± 472 μs, 14.54x TVar: OK (0.36s) 14.6 ms ± 354 μs, 13.96x Addr: OK (0.15s) 1.38 ms ± 47 μs, 1.32x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 16 threads Counter: OK (0.17s) 13.3 ms ± 301 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.16s) 5.73 ms ± 119 μs, 0.43x IORef atomic: OK (117.97s) 464 ms ± 38 ms, 34.81x MVar: OK (14.95s) 481 ms ± 4.5 ms, 36.11x TMVar: OK (1.80s) 155 ms ± 2.7 ms, 11.65x TVar: OK (7.20s) 146 ms ± 663 μs, 10.93x Addr: OK (5.34s) 12.8 ms ± 187 μs, 0.96x Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 20 threads Counter: OK (0.19s) 49.3 μs ± 1.9 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.20s) 48.2 μs ± 1.7 μs, 0.98x IORef atomic: OK (5.11s) 188 μs ± 5.2 μs, 3.82x MVar: OK (4.08s) 536 μs ± 5.4 μs, 10.86x TMVar: OK (1.44s) 159 μs ± 531 ns, 3.23x TVar: OK (0.37s) 176 μs ± 3.0 μs, 3.57x Addr: OK (0.82s) 50.6 μs ± 1.0 μs, 1.03x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 20 threads Counter: OK (0.10s) 171 μs ± 5.7 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.25s) 90.0 μs ± 2.1 μs, 0.52x IORef atomic: OK (9.07s) 1.52 ms ± 59 μs, 8.87x MVar: OK (2.90s) 5.61 ms ± 159 μs, 32.73x TMVar: OK (1.57s) 1.85 ms ± 54 μs, 10.77x TVar: OK (0.19s) 1.88 ms ± 28 μs, 10.98x Addr: OK (0.18s) 169 μs ± 3.8 μs, 0.98x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 20 threads Counter: OK (0.74s) 1.68 ms ± 65 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.18s) 881 μs ± 24 μs, 0.52x IORef atomic: OK (73.70s) 21.3 ms ± 600 μs, 12.66x MVar: OK (0.94s) 61.0 ms ± 1.4 ms, 36.31x TMVar: OK (7.19s) 18.1 ms ± 472 μs, 10.75x TVar: OK (7.26s) 18.1 ms ± 494 μs, 10.79x Addr: OK (0.09s) 1.74 ms ± 43 μs, 1.04x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 20 threads Counter: OK (6.72s) 16.2 ms ± 174 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (6.36s) 7.73 ms ± 247 μs, 0.48x IORef atomic: OK (21.41s) 641 ms ± 264 μs, 39.55x MVar: OK (38.82s) 609 ms ± 21 ms, 37.53x TMVar: OK (4.56s) 192 ms ± 648 μs, 11.82x TVar: OK (1.13s) 193 ms ± 7.5 ms, 11.91x Addr: OK (0.43s) 16.8 ms ± 581 μs, 1.03x Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 32 threads Counter: OK (1.01s) 73.7 μs ± 1.3 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.51s) 72.0 μs ± 777 ns, 0.98x IORef atomic: OK (0.24s) 178 μs ± 3.8 μs, 2.41x MVar: OK (0.91s) 919 μs ± 17 μs, 12.47x TMVar: OK (2.27s) 277 μs ± 4.4 μs, 3.76x TVar: OK (0.15s) 299 μs ± 10 μs, 4.06x Addr: OK (0.50s) 71.8 μs ± 2.6 μs, 0.97x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 32 threads Counter: OK (0.29s) 280 μs ± 6.4 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (1.44s) 150 μs ± 3.2 μs, 0.53x IORef atomic: OK (0.25s) 1.74 ms ± 56 μs, 6.22x MVar: OK (1.19s) 9.06 ms ± 269 μs, 32.31x TMVar: OK (4.80s) 2.98 ms ± 36 μs, 10.64x TVar: OK (19.94s) 3.10 ms ± 27 μs, 11.04x Addr: OK (0.55s) 272 μs ± 9.4 μs, 0.97x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 32 threads Counter: OK (2.27s) 2.69 ms ± 48 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (2.18s) 1.27 ms ± 23 μs, 0.47x IORef atomic: OK (62.21s) 35.2 ms ± 4.3 ms, 13.08x MVar: OK (5.90s) 89.9 ms ± 233 μs, 33.44x TMVar: OK (2.96s) 30.7 ms ± 470 μs, 11.40x TVar: OK (5.98s) 30.4 ms ± 124 μs, 11.30x Addr: OK (0.29s) 2.75 ms ± 93 μs, 1.02x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 32 threads Counter: OK (0.08s) 28.8 ms ± 1.0 ms IORef inconsistent: OK (0.32s) 12.9 ms ± 351 μs, 0.45x IORef atomic: OK (82.13s) 1.180 s ± 65 ms, 41.02x MVar: OK (128.00s) 982 ms ± 14 ms, 34.15x TMVar: OK (0.17s) 299 ms ± 7.6 ms, 10.41x TVar: OK (7.51s) 316 ms ± 12 ms, 11.00x Addr: OK (1.36s) 27.0 ms ± 871 μs, 0.94x Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 64 threads Counter: OK (0.84s) 132 μs ± 3.3 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.44s) 132 μs ± 2.4 μs, 1.00x IORef atomic: OK (0.18s) 323 μs ± 6.5 μs, 2.45x MVar: OK (0.47s) 1.89 ms ± 74 μs, 14.33x TMVar: OK (4.18s) 557 μs ± 1.7 μs, 4.22x TVar: OK (2.19s) 575 μs ± 1.6 μs, 4.36x Addr: OK (0.19s) 125 μs ± 2.8 μs, 0.95x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 64 threads Counter: OK (0.28s) 568 μs ± 13 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.32s) 284 μs ± 2.9 μs, 0.50x IORef atomic: OK (0.21s) 2.62 ms ± 95 μs, 4.62x MVar: OK (2.37s) 18.1 ms ± 688 μs, 31.81x TMVar: OK (0.15s) 6.24 ms ± 173 μs, 10.98x TVar: OK (5.00s) 6.30 ms ± 162 μs, 11.08x Addr: OK (2.06s) 555 μs ± 7.4 μs, 0.98x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 64 threads Counter: OK (0.59s) 5.80 ms ± 111 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (2.10s) 2.49 ms ± 96 μs, 0.43x IORef atomic: OK (2.36s) 75.8 ms ± 396 μs, 13.06x MVar: OK (2.88s) 188 ms ± 4.8 ms, 32.41x TMVar: OK (5.95s) 61.7 ms ± 176 μs, 10.63x TVar: OK (1.52s) 63.8 ms ± 2.4 ms, 11.00x Addr: OK (0.28s) 5.52 ms ± 167 μs, 0.95x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 64 threads Counter: OK (2.74s) 56.6 ms ± 2.2 ms IORef inconsistent: OK (10.26s) 26.0 ms ± 746 μs, 0.46x IORef atomic: OK (100.70s) 3.018 s ± 328 ms, 53.35x MVar: OK (30.56s) 1.994 s ± 16 ms, 35.25x TMVar: OK (0.36s) 665 ms ± 3.4 ms, 11.76x TVar: OK (1.79s) 653 ms ± 2.4 ms, 11.55x Addr: OK (11.06s) 57.0 ms ± 546 μs, 1.01x Read/write contention with 10 iterations and 128 threads Counter: OK (0.67s) 240 μs ± 5.9 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (1.43s) 247 μs ± 8.5 μs, 1.03x IORef atomic: OK (1.38s) 642 μs ± 6.2 μs, 2.68x MVar: OK (1.92s) 3.83 ms ± 34 μs, 15.94x TMVar: OK (16.12s) 1.11 ms ± 23 μs, 4.63x TVar: OK (4.27s) 1.15 ms ± 36 μs, 4.78x Addr: OK (0.16s) 230 μs ± 6.9 μs, 0.96x Read/write contention with 100 iterations and 128 threads Counter: OK (0.26s) 1.15 ms ± 42 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.31s) 560 μs ± 18 μs, 0.49x IORef atomic: OK (0.31s) 7.80 ms ± 274 μs, 6.81x MVar: OK (0.55s) 36.2 ms ± 1.2 ms, 31.54x TMVar: OK (19.40s) 12.4 ms ± 20 μs, 10.78x TVar: OK (0.62s) 13.1 ms ± 411 μs, 11.39x Addr: OK (0.13s) 1.12 ms ± 24 μs, 0.98x Read/write contention with 1000 iterations and 128 threads Counter: OK (0.15s) 8.93 ms ± 264 μs IORef inconsistent: OK (0.52s) 5.28 ms ± 104 μs, 0.59x IORef atomic: OK (80.71s) 310 ms ± 57 ms, 34.68x MVar: OK (5.86s) 378 ms ± 3.1 ms, 42.38x TMVar: OK (1.51s) 131 ms ± 3.5 ms, 14.62x TVar: OK (3.07s) 129 ms ± 981 μs, 14.44x Addr: OK (4.47s) 11.3 ms ± 139 μs, 1.27x Read/write contention with 10000 iterations and 128 threads Counter: OK (1.37s) 112 ms ± 3.3 ms IORef inconsistent: OK (5.13s) 53.3 ms ± 571 μs, 0.47x IORef atomic: OK (11.14s) 6.952 s ± 54 ms, 61.84x MVar: OK (12.70s) 4.075 s ± 154 ms, 36.25x TMVar: OK (3.51s) 1.268 s ± 5.7 ms, 11.27x TVar: OK (0.71s) 1.306 s ± 50 ms, 11.62x Addr: OK (11.18s) 117 ms ± 1.7 ms, 1.04x All 309 tests passed (2397.33s) ``` # Memory overhead Each unlifted value of type `Counter` is a singleton mutable array from GHC primitives under the hood. Thus it occupies at least `platform integer size` + `array size` + `header` bytes which should typically be at least 3 machine words. Lifted values may occupy more depending on optimizations.