{-| General purpose utilities The names in this module clash heavily with the Haskell Prelude, so I recommend the following import scheme: > import Pipes > import qualified Pipes.Prelude as P -- or use any other qualifier you prefer Note that 'String'-based 'IO' is inefficient. The 'String'-based utilities in this module exist only for simple demonstrations without incurring a dependency on the @text@ package. Also, 'stdinLn' and 'stdoutLn' remove and add newlines, respectively. This behavior is intended to simplify examples. The corresponding @stdin@ and @stdout@ utilities from @pipes-bytestring@ and @pipes-text@ preserve newlines. -} {-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes, Trustworthy #-} {-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-unused-do-bind #-} module Pipes.Prelude ( -- * Producers -- $producers stdinLn , readLn , fromHandle , repeatM , replicateM , unfoldr -- * Consumers -- $consumers , stdoutLn , stdoutLn' , mapM_ , print , toHandle , drain -- * Pipes -- $pipes , map , mapM , sequence , mapFoldable , filter , filterM , take , takeWhile , takeWhile' , drop , dropWhile , concat , elemIndices , findIndices , scan , scanM , chain , read , show , seq -- *ListT , loop -- * Folds -- $folds , fold , fold' , foldM , foldM' , all , any , and , or , elem , notElem , find , findIndex , head , index , last , length , maximum , minimum , null , sum , product , toList , toListM , toListM' -- * Zips , zip , zipWith -- * Utilities , tee , generalize ) where import Control.Exception (throwIO, try) import Control.Monad (liftM, when, unless) import Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict (get, put) import Data.Functor.Identity (Identity, runIdentity) import Foreign.C.Error (Errno(Errno), ePIPE) import Pipes import Pipes.Core import Pipes.Internal import Pipes.Lift (evalStateP) import qualified GHC.IO.Exception as G import qualified System.IO as IO import qualified Prelude import Prelude hiding ( all , and , any , concat , drop , dropWhile , elem , filter , head , last , length , map , mapM , mapM_ , maximum , minimum , notElem , null , or , print , product , read , readLn , sequence , show , seq , sum , take , takeWhile , zip , zipWith ) {- $producers Use 'for' loops to iterate over 'Producer's whenever you want to perform the same action for every element: > -- Echo all lines from standard input to standard output > runEffect $ for P.stdinLn $ \str -> do > lift $ putStrLn str ... or more concisely: >>> runEffect $ for P.stdinLn (lift . putStrLn) Test<Enter> Test ABC<Enter> ABC ... -} {-| Read 'String's from 'IO.stdin' using 'getLine' Terminates on end of input -} stdinLn :: MonadIO m => Producer' String m () stdinLn = fromHandle IO.stdin {-# INLINABLE stdinLn #-} -- | 'read' values from 'IO.stdin', ignoring failed parses readLn :: (MonadIO m, Read a) => Producer' a m () readLn = stdinLn >-> read {-# INLINABLE readLn #-} {-| Read 'String's from a 'IO.Handle' using 'IO.hGetLine' Terminates on end of input -} fromHandle :: MonadIO m => IO.Handle -> Producer' String m () fromHandle h = go where go = do eof <- liftIO $ IO.hIsEOF h unless eof $ do str <- liftIO $ IO.hGetLine h yield str go {-# INLINABLE fromHandle #-} -- | Repeat a monadic action indefinitely, 'yield'ing each result repeatM :: Monad m => m a -> Producer' a m r repeatM m = lift m >~ cat {-# INLINABLE [1] repeatM #-} {-# RULES "repeatM m >-> p" forall m p . repeatM m >-> p = lift m >~ p #-} {-| Repeat a monadic action a fixed number of times, 'yield'ing each result > replicateM 0 x = return () > > replicateM (m + n) x = replicateM m x >> replicateM n x -- 0 <= {m,n} -} replicateM :: Monad m => Int -> m a -> Producer' a m () replicateM n m = lift m >~ take n {-# INLINABLE replicateM #-} {- $consumers Feed a 'Consumer' the same value repeatedly using ('>~'): >>> runEffect $ lift getLine >~ P.stdoutLn Test<Enter> Test ABC<Enter> ABC ... -} {-| Write 'String's to 'IO.stdout' using 'putStrLn' Unlike 'toHandle', 'stdoutLn' gracefully terminates on a broken output pipe -} stdoutLn :: MonadIO m => Consumer' String m () stdoutLn = go where go = do str <- await x <- liftIO $ try (putStrLn str) case x of Left (G.IOError { G.ioe_type = G.ResourceVanished , G.ioe_errno = Just ioe }) | Errno ioe == ePIPE -> return () Left e -> liftIO (throwIO e) Right () -> go {-# INLINABLE stdoutLn #-} {-| Write 'String's to 'IO.stdout' using 'putStrLn' This does not handle a broken output pipe, but has a polymorphic return value -} stdoutLn' :: MonadIO m => Consumer' String m r stdoutLn' = for cat (\str -> liftIO (putStrLn str)) {-# INLINABLE [1] stdoutLn' #-} {-# RULES "p >-> stdoutLn'" forall p . p >-> stdoutLn' = for p (\str -> liftIO (putStrLn str)) #-} -- | Consume all values using a monadic function mapM_ :: Monad m => (a -> m ()) -> Consumer' a m r mapM_ f = for cat (\a -> lift (f a)) {-# INLINABLE [1] mapM_ #-} {-# RULES "p >-> mapM_ f" forall p f . p >-> mapM_ f = for p (\a -> lift (f a)) #-} -- | 'print' values to 'IO.stdout' print :: (MonadIO m, Show a) => Consumer' a m r print = for cat (\a -> liftIO (Prelude.print a)) {-# INLINABLE [1] print #-} {-# RULES "p >-> print" forall p . p >-> print = for p (\a -> liftIO (Prelude.print a)) #-} -- | Write 'String's to a 'IO.Handle' using 'IO.hPutStrLn' toHandle :: MonadIO m => IO.Handle -> Consumer' String m r toHandle handle = for cat (\str -> liftIO (IO.hPutStrLn handle str)) {-# INLINABLE [1] toHandle #-} {-# RULES "p >-> toHandle handle" forall p handle . p >-> toHandle handle = for p (\str -> liftIO (IO.hPutStrLn handle str)) #-} -- | 'discard' all incoming values drain :: Monad m => Consumer' a m r drain = for cat discard {-# INLINABLE [1] drain #-} {-# RULES "p >-> drain" forall p . p >-> drain = for p discard #-} {- $pipes Use ('>->') to connect 'Producer's, 'Pipe's, and 'Consumer's: >>> runEffect $ P.stdinLn >-> P.takeWhile (/= "quit") >-> P.stdoutLn Test<Enter> Test ABC<Enter> ABC quit<Enter> >>> -} {-| Apply a function to all values flowing downstream > map id = cat > > map (g . f) = map f >-> map g -} map :: Monad m => (a -> b) -> Pipe a b m r map f = for cat (\a -> yield (f a)) {-# INLINABLE [1] map #-} {-# RULES "p >-> map f" forall p f . p >-> map f = for p (\a -> yield (f a)) ; "map f >-> p" forall p f . map f >-> p = (do a <- await return (f a) ) >~ p #-} {-| Apply a monadic function to all values flowing downstream > mapM return = cat > > mapM (f >=> g) = mapM f >-> mapM g -} mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> Pipe a b m r mapM f = for cat $ \a -> do b <- lift (f a) yield b {-# INLINABLE [1] mapM #-} {-# RULES "p >-> mapM f" forall p f . p >-> mapM f = for p (\a -> do b <- lift (f a) yield b ) ; "mapM f >-> p" forall p f . mapM f >-> p = (do a <- await b <- lift (f a) return b ) >~ p #-} -- | Convert a stream of actions to a stream of values sequence :: Monad m => Pipe (m a) a m r sequence = mapM id {-# INLINABLE sequence #-} {- | Apply a function to all values flowing downstream, and forward each element of the result. -} mapFoldable :: (Monad m, Foldable t) => (a -> t b) -> Pipe a b m r mapFoldable f = for cat (\a -> each (f a)) {-# INLINABLE [1] mapFoldable #-} {-# RULES "p >-> mapFoldable f" forall p f . p >-> mapFoldable f = for p (\a -> each (f a)) #-} {-| @(filter predicate)@ only forwards values that satisfy the predicate. > filter (pure True) = cat > > filter (liftA2 (&&) p1 p2) = filter p1 >-> filter p2 -} filter :: Monad m => (a -> Bool) -> Pipe a a m r filter predicate = for cat $ \a -> when (predicate a) (yield a) {-# INLINABLE [1] filter #-} {-# RULES "p >-> filter predicate" forall p predicate. p >-> filter predicate = for p (\a -> when (predicate a) (yield a)) #-} {-| @(filterM predicate)@ only forwards values that satisfy the monadic predicate > filterM (pure (pure True)) = cat > > filterM (liftA2 (liftA2 (&&)) p1 p2) = filterM p1 >-> filterM p2 -} filterM :: Monad m => (a -> m Bool) -> Pipe a a m r filterM predicate = for cat $ \a -> do b <- lift (predicate a) when b (yield a) {-# INLINABLE [1] filterM #-} {-# RULES "p >-> filterM predicate" forall p predicate . p >-> filterM predicate = for p (\a -> do b <- lift (predicate a) when b (yield a) ) #-} {-| @(take n)@ only allows @n@ values to pass through > take 0 = return () > > take (m + n) = take m >> take n > take <infinity> = cat > > take (min m n) = take m >-> take n -} take :: Monad m => Int -> Pipe a a m () take = loop where loop 0 = return () loop n = do a <- await yield a loop (n-1) {-# INLINABLE take #-} {-| @(takeWhile p)@ allows values to pass downstream so long as they satisfy the predicate @p@. > takeWhile (pure True) = cat > > takeWhile (liftA2 (&&) p1 p2) = takeWhile p1 >-> takeWhile p2 -} takeWhile :: Monad m => (a -> Bool) -> Pipe a a m () takeWhile predicate = go where go = do a <- await if (predicate a) then do yield a go else return () {-# INLINABLE takeWhile #-} {-| @(takeWhile' p)@ is a version of takeWhile that returns the value failing the predicate. > takeWhile' (pure True) = cat > > takeWhile' (liftA2 (&&) p1 p2) = takeWhile' p1 >-> takeWhile' p2 -} takeWhile' :: Monad m => (a -> Bool) -> Pipe a a m a takeWhile' predicate = go where go = do a <- await if (predicate a) then do yield a go else return a {-# INLINABLE takeWhile' #-} {-| @(drop n)@ discards @n@ values going downstream > drop 0 = cat > > drop (m + n) = drop m >-> drop n -} drop :: Monad m => Int -> Pipe a a m r drop = loop where loop 0 = cat loop n = do await loop (n-1) {-# INLINABLE drop #-} {-| @(dropWhile p)@ discards values going downstream until one violates the predicate @p@. > dropWhile (pure False) = cat > > dropWhile (liftA2 (||) p1 p2) = dropWhile p1 >-> dropWhile p2 -} dropWhile :: Monad m => (a -> Bool) -> Pipe a a m r dropWhile predicate = go where go = do a <- await if (predicate a) then go else do yield a cat {-# INLINABLE dropWhile #-} -- | Flatten all 'Foldable' elements flowing downstream concat :: (Monad m, Foldable f) => Pipe (f a) a m r concat = for cat each {-# INLINABLE [1] concat #-} {-# RULES "p >-> concat" forall p . p >-> concat = for p each #-} -- | Outputs the indices of all elements that match the given element elemIndices :: (Monad m, Eq a) => a -> Pipe a Int m r elemIndices a = findIndices (a ==) {-# INLINABLE elemIndices #-} -- | Outputs the indices of all elements that satisfied the predicate findIndices :: Monad m => (a -> Bool) -> Pipe a Int m r findIndices predicate = go 0 where go n = do a <- await when (predicate a) (yield n) go $! n + 1 {-# INLINABLE findIndices #-} {-| Strict left scan > Control.Foldl.purely scan :: Monad m => Fold a b -> Pipe a b m r -} scan :: Monad m => (x -> a -> x) -> x -> (x -> b) -> Pipe a b m r scan step begin done = go begin where go x = do yield (done x) a <- await let x' = step x a go $! x' {-# INLINABLE scan #-} {-| Strict, monadic left scan > Control.Foldl.impurely scan :: Monad m => FoldM a m b -> Pipe a b m r -} scanM :: Monad m => (x -> a -> m x) -> m x -> (x -> m b) -> Pipe a b m r scanM step begin done = do x <- lift begin go x where go x = do b <- lift (done x) yield b a <- await x' <- lift (step x a) go $! x' {-# INLINABLE scanM #-} {-| Apply an action to all values flowing downstream > chain (pure (return ())) = cat > > chain (liftA2 (>>) m1 m2) = chain m1 >-> chain m2 -} chain :: Monad m => (a -> m ()) -> Pipe a a m r chain f = for cat $ \a -> do lift (f a) yield a {-# INLINABLE [1] chain #-} {-# RULES "p >-> chain f" forall p f . p >-> chain f = for p (\a -> do lift (f a) yield a ) ; "chain f >-> p" forall p f . chain f >-> p = (do a <- await lift (f a) return a ) >~ p #-} -- | Parse 'Read'able values, only forwarding the value if the parse succeeds read :: (Monad m, Read a) => Pipe String a m r read = for cat $ \str -> case (reads str) of [(a, "")] -> yield a _ -> return () {-# INLINABLE [1] read #-} {-# RULES "p >-> read" forall p . p >-> read = for p (\str -> case (reads str) of [(a, "")] -> yield a _ -> return () ) #-} -- | Convert 'Show'able values to 'String's show :: (Monad m, Show a) => Pipe a String m r show = map Prelude.show {-# INLINABLE show #-} -- | Evaluate all values flowing downstream to WHNF seq :: Monad m => Pipe a a m r seq = for cat $ \a -> yield $! a {-# INLINABLE seq #-} {-| Create a `Pipe` from a `ListT` transformation > loop (k1 >=> k2) = loop k1 >-> loop k2 > > loop return = cat -} loop :: Monad m => (a -> ListT m b) -> Pipe a b m r loop k = for cat (every . k) {-# INLINABLE loop #-} {- $folds Use these to fold the output of a 'Producer'. Many of these folds will stop drawing elements if they can compute their result early, like 'any': >>> P.any null P.stdinLn Test<Enter> ABC<Enter> <Enter> True >>> -} {-| Strict fold of the elements of a 'Producer' > Control.Foldl.purely fold :: Monad m => Fold a b -> Producer a m () -> m b -} fold :: Monad m => (x -> a -> x) -> x -> (x -> b) -> Producer a m () -> m b fold step begin done p0 = go p0 begin where go p x = case p of Request v _ -> closed v Respond a fu -> go (fu ()) $! step x a M m -> m >>= \p' -> go p' x Pure _ -> return (done x) {-# INLINABLE fold #-} {-| Strict fold of the elements of a 'Producer' that preserves the return value > Control.Foldl.purely fold' :: Monad m => Fold a b -> Producer a m r -> m (b, r) -} fold' :: Monad m => (x -> a -> x) -> x -> (x -> b) -> Producer a m r -> m (b, r) fold' step begin done p0 = go p0 begin where go p x = case p of Request v _ -> closed v Respond a fu -> go (fu ()) $! step x a M m -> m >>= \p' -> go p' x Pure r -> return (done x, r) {-# INLINABLE fold' #-} {-| Strict, monadic fold of the elements of a 'Producer' > Control.Foldl.impurely foldM :: Monad m => FoldM a b -> Producer a m () -> m b -} foldM :: Monad m => (x -> a -> m x) -> m x -> (x -> m b) -> Producer a m () -> m b foldM step begin done p0 = do x0 <- begin go p0 x0 where go p x = case p of Request v _ -> closed v Respond a fu -> do x' <- step x a go (fu ()) $! x' M m -> m >>= \p' -> go p' x Pure _ -> done x {-# INLINABLE foldM #-} {-| Strict, monadic fold of the elements of a 'Producer' > Control.Foldl.impurely foldM' :: Monad m => FoldM a b -> Producer a m r -> m (b, r) -} foldM' :: Monad m => (x -> a -> m x) -> m x -> (x -> m b) -> Producer a m r -> m (b, r) foldM' step begin done p0 = do x0 <- begin go p0 x0 where go p x = case p of Request v _ -> closed v Respond a fu -> do x' <- step x a go (fu ()) $! x' M m -> m >>= \p' -> go p' x Pure r -> do b <- done x return (b, r) {-# INLINABLE foldM' #-} {-| @(all predicate p)@ determines whether all the elements of @p@ satisfy the predicate. -} all :: Monad m => (a -> Bool) -> Producer a m () -> m Bool all predicate p = null $ p >-> filter (\a -> not (predicate a)) {-# INLINABLE all #-} {-| @(any predicate p)@ determines whether any element of @p@ satisfies the predicate. -} any :: Monad m => (a -> Bool) -> Producer a m () -> m Bool any predicate p = liftM not $ null (p >-> filter predicate) {-# INLINABLE any #-} -- | Determines whether all elements are 'True' and :: Monad m => Producer Bool m () -> m Bool and = all id {-# INLINABLE and #-} -- | Determines whether any element is 'True' or :: Monad m => Producer Bool m () -> m Bool or = any id {-# INLINABLE or #-} {-| @(elem a p)@ returns 'True' if @p@ has an element equal to @a@, 'False' otherwise -} elem :: (Monad m, Eq a) => a -> Producer a m () -> m Bool elem a = any (a ==) {-# INLINABLE elem #-} {-| @(notElem a)@ returns 'False' if @p@ has an element equal to @a@, 'True' otherwise -} notElem :: (Monad m, Eq a) => a -> Producer a m () -> m Bool notElem a = all (a /=) {-# INLINABLE notElem #-} -- | Find the first element of a 'Producer' that satisfies the predicate find :: Monad m => (a -> Bool) -> Producer a m () -> m (Maybe a) find predicate p = head (p >-> filter predicate) {-# INLINABLE find #-} {-| Find the index of the first element of a 'Producer' that satisfies the predicate -} findIndex :: Monad m => (a -> Bool) -> Producer a m () -> m (Maybe Int) findIndex predicate p = head (p >-> findIndices predicate) {-# INLINABLE findIndex #-} -- | Retrieve the first element from a 'Producer' head :: Monad m => Producer a m () -> m (Maybe a) head p = do x <- next p return $ case x of Left _ -> Nothing Right (a, _) -> Just a {-# INLINABLE head #-} -- | Index into a 'Producer' index :: Monad m => Int -> Producer a m () -> m (Maybe a) index n p = head (p >-> drop n) {-# INLINABLE index #-} -- | Retrieve the last element from a 'Producer' last :: Monad m => Producer a m () -> m (Maybe a) last p0 = do x <- next p0 case x of Left _ -> return Nothing Right (a, p') -> go a p' where go a p = do x <- next p case x of Left _ -> return (Just a) Right (a', p') -> go a' p' {-# INLINABLE last #-} -- | Count the number of elements in a 'Producer' length :: Monad m => Producer a m () -> m Int length = fold (\n _ -> n + 1) 0 id {-# INLINABLE length #-} -- | Find the maximum element of a 'Producer' maximum :: (Monad m, Ord a) => Producer a m () -> m (Maybe a) maximum = fold step Nothing id where step x a = Just $ case x of Nothing -> a Just a' -> max a a' {-# INLINABLE maximum #-} -- | Find the minimum element of a 'Producer' minimum :: (Monad m, Ord a) => Producer a m () -> m (Maybe a) minimum = fold step Nothing id where step x a = Just $ case x of Nothing -> a Just a' -> min a a' {-# INLINABLE minimum #-} -- | Determine if a 'Producer' is empty null :: Monad m => Producer a m () -> m Bool null p = do x <- next p return $ case x of Left _ -> True Right _ -> False {-# INLINABLE null #-} -- | Compute the sum of the elements of a 'Producer' sum :: (Monad m, Num a) => Producer a m () -> m a sum = fold (+) 0 id {-# INLINABLE sum #-} -- | Compute the product of the elements of a 'Producer' product :: (Monad m, Num a) => Producer a m () -> m a product = fold (*) 1 id {-# INLINABLE product #-} -- | Convert a pure 'Producer' into a list toList :: Producer a Identity () -> [a] toList = go where go p = case p of Request v _ -> closed v Respond a fu -> a:go (fu ()) M m -> go (runIdentity m) Pure _ -> [] {-# INLINABLE toList #-} {-| Convert an effectful 'Producer' into a list Note: 'toListM' is not an idiomatic use of @pipes@, but I provide it for simple testing purposes. Idiomatic @pipes@ style consumes the elements immediately as they are generated instead of loading all elements into memory. -} toListM :: Monad m => Producer a m () -> m [a] toListM = fold step begin done where step x a = x . (a:) begin = id done x = x [] {-# INLINABLE toListM #-} {-| Convert an effectful 'Producer' into a list alongside the return value Note: 'toListM'' is not an idiomatic use of @pipes@, but I provide it for simple testing purposes. Idiomatic @pipes@ style consumes the elements immediately as they are generated instead of loading all elements into memory. -} toListM' :: Monad m => Producer a m r -> m ([a], r) toListM' = fold' step begin done where step x a = x . (a:) begin = id done x = x [] {-# INLINABLE toListM' #-} -- | Zip two 'Producer's zip :: Monad m => (Producer a m r) -> (Producer b m r) -> (Producer' (a, b) m r) zip = zipWith (,) {-# INLINABLE zip #-} -- | Zip two 'Producer's using the provided combining function zipWith :: Monad m => (a -> b -> c) -> (Producer a m r) -> (Producer b m r) -> (Producer' c m r) zipWith f = go where go p1 p2 = do e1 <- lift $ next p1 case e1 of Left r -> return r Right (a, p1') -> do e2 <- lift $ next p2 case e2 of Left r -> return r Right (b, p2') -> do yield (f a b) go p1' p2' {-# INLINABLE zipWith #-} {-| Transform a 'Consumer' to a 'Pipe' that reforwards all values further downstream -} tee :: Monad m => Consumer a m r -> Pipe a a m r tee p = evalStateP Nothing $ do r <- up >\\ (hoist lift p //> dn) ma <- lift get case ma of Nothing -> return () Just a -> yield a return r where up () = do ma <- lift get case ma of Nothing -> return () Just a -> yield a a <- await lift $ put (Just a) return a dn v = closed v {-# INLINABLE tee #-} {-| Transform a unidirectional 'Pipe' to a bidirectional 'Proxy' > generalize (f >-> g) = generalize f >+> generalize g > > generalize cat = pull -} generalize :: Monad m => Pipe a b m r -> x -> Proxy x a x b m r generalize p x0 = evalStateP x0 $ up >\\ hoist lift p //> dn where up () = do x <- lift get request x dn a = do x <- respond a lift $ put x {-# INLINABLE generalize #-} {-| The natural unfold into a 'Producer' with a step function and a seed > unfoldr next = id -} unfoldr :: Monad m => (s -> m (Either r (a, s))) -> s -> Producer a m r unfoldr step = go where go s0 = do e <- lift (step s0) case e of Left r -> return r Right (a,s) -> do yield a go s {-# INLINABLE unfoldr #-}