Z.Foreign

This module provide functions for using PrimArray and PrimVector with GHC FFI(Foreign function interface), Some functions are designed to be used with UnliftedFFITypes extension.

GHC runtime is garbaged collected, there're two types of primitive array in GHC, with the objective to minimize overall memory management cost:

• Small primitive arrays created with newPrimArray are directly allocated on GHC heap, which can be moved by GHC garbage collector, we call these arrays unpinned. Allocating these array is cheap, we only need to check heap limit and bump heap pointer just like any other haskell heap objects. But we will pay GC cost , which is OK for small arrays.
• Large primitive array and those created with newPinnedPrimArray are allocated on GHC managed memory blocks, which is also traced by garbage collector, but will never moved before freed, thus are called pinned. Allocating these arrays are bit more expensive since it's more like how malloc works, but we don't have to pay for GC cost.

Beside the pinned/unpinned difference, we have two types of FFI calls in GHC:

• Safe FFI call annotated with safe keyword. These calls are executed on separated OS thread, which can be running concurrently with GHC garbage collector, thus we want to make sure only pinned arrays are passed. The main use case for safe FFIs are long running functions, for example, doing IO polling. Since these calls are running on separated OS thread, haskell thread on original OS thread will not be affected.
• Unsafe FFI call annotated with unsafe keyword. These calls are executed on the same OS thread which is running the haskell side FFI code, which will in turn stop GHC from doing a garbage collection. We can pass both pinned and unpinned arrays in this case. The use case for unsafe FFIs are short/small functions, which can be treated like a fat primitive operations, such as memcpy, memcmp. Using unsafe FFI with long running functions will effectively block GHC runtime thread from running any other haskell threads, which is dangerous. Even if you use threaded runtime and expect your haskell thread can be stolen by other OS threads, but this will not work since GHC garbage collector will refuse to run if one of the OS thread is blocked by FFI calls.

Base on above analysis, we have following FFI strategy table.

FFI Array	pinned	unpinned
unsafe	directly pass	directly pass
safe	directly pass	make a copy

In this module, we separate safe and unsafe FFI handling due to the strategy difference: if the user can guarantee a FFI call is unsafe, we can save an extra copy and pinned allocation. Mistakenly using unsafe function with safe FFI will result in segfault.

Unsafe FFI

withPrimArrayUnsafe :: Prim a => PrimArray a -> (BA# a -> Int -> IO b) -> IO b

Pass primitive array to unsafe FFI as pointer.

Enable UnliftedFFITypes extension in your haskell code, use proper pointer type and HsInt to marshall ByteArray# and Int arguments on C side.

The second Int arguement is the element size not the bytes size.

USE THIS FUNCTION WITH UNSAFE FFI CALL ONLY.

allocPrimArrayUnsafe :: forall a b. Prim a => Int -> (MBA# a -> IO b) -> IO (PrimArray a, b)

Allocate some bytes and pass to FFI as pointer, freeze result into a PrimArray.

USE THIS FUNCTION WITH UNSAFE FFI CALL ONLY.

withPrimVectorUnsafe :: Prim a => PrimVector a -> (BA# a -> Int -> Int -> IO b) -> IO b

Pass PrimVector to unsafe FFI as pointer

The PrimVector version of withPrimArrayUnsafe.

The second Int arguement is the first element offset, the third Int argument is the element length.

USE THIS FUNCTION WITH UNSAFE FFI CALL ONLY.

allocPrimVectorUnsafe

Arguments

:: forall a b. Prim a

=> Int

number of elements

-> (MBA# a -> IO b)

-> IO (PrimVector a, b)

Allocate a prim array and pass to FFI as pointer, freeze result into a PrimVector.

USE THIS FUNCTION WITH UNSAFE FFI CALL ONLY.

allocBytesUnsafe

Arguments

:: Int

number of bytes

-> (MBA# a -> IO b)

-> IO (Bytes, b)

Allocate some bytes and pass to FFI as pointer, freeze result into a Bytes.

USE THIS FUNCTION WITH UNSAFE FFI CALL ONLY.

withPrimUnsafe :: Prim a => a -> (MBA# a -> IO b) -> IO (a, b)

Create an one element primitive array and use it as a pointer to the primitive element.

Return the element and the computation result.

USE THIS FUNCTION WITH UNSAFE FFI CALL ONLY.

allocPrimUnsafe :: Prim a => (MBA# a -> IO b) -> IO (a, b)

like withPrimUnsafe, but don't write initial value.

USE THIS FUNCTION WITH UNSAFE FFI CALL ONLY.

withPrimArrayListUnsafe :: [PrimArray a] -> (BAArray# a -> Int -> IO b) -> IO b

Pass primitive array list to unsafe FFI as StgArrBytes**.

Enable UnliftedFFITypes extension in your haskell code, use StgArrBytes**(>=8.10) or StgMutArrPtrs*(<8.10) pointer type and HsInt to marshall BAArray# and Int arguments on C side, check the example with BAArray#.

The second Int arguement is the list size.

USE THIS FUNCTION WITH UNSAFE FFI CALL ONLY.

Safe FFI

withPrimArraySafe :: Prim a => PrimArray a -> (Ptr a -> Int -> IO b) -> IO b

Pass primitive array to safe FFI as pointer.

Use proper pointer type and HsInt to marshall Ptr a and Int arguments on C side. The memory pointed by 'Ptr a' will not moved during call. After call returned, pointer is no longer valid.

The second Int arguement is the element size not the bytes size.

Don't pass a forever loop to this function, see #14346.

allocPrimArraySafe

Arguments

:: forall a b. Prim a

=> Int

in elements

-> (Ptr a -> IO b)

-> IO (PrimArray a, b)

Allocate a prim array and pass to FFI as pointer, freeze result into a PrimVector.

withPrimVectorSafe :: forall a b. Prim a => PrimVector a -> (Ptr a -> Int -> IO b) -> IO b

Pass PrimVector to safe FFI as pointer

The PrimVector version of withPrimArraySafe. The Ptr is already pointed to the first element, thus no offset is provided. After call returned, pointer is no longer valid.

Don't pass a forever loop to this function, see #14346.

allocPrimVectorSafe

Arguments

:: forall a b. Prim a

=> Int

in elements

-> (Ptr a -> IO b)

-> IO (PrimVector a, b)

Allocate a prim array and pass to FFI as pointer, freeze result into a PrimVector.

allocBytesSafe

Arguments

:: Int

in bytes

-> (Ptr Word8 -> IO b)

-> IO (Bytes, b)

Allocate some bytes and pass to FFI as pointer, freeze result into a PrimVector.

withPrimSafe :: forall a b. Prim a => a -> (Ptr a -> IO b) -> IO (a, b)

Create an one element primitive array and use it as a pointer to the primitive element.

Don't pass a forever loop to this function, see #14346.

allocPrimSafe :: forall a b. Prim a => (Ptr a -> IO b) -> IO (a, b)

like withPrimSafe, but don't write initial value.

withPrimArrayListSafe :: Prim a => [PrimArray a] -> (Ptr (Ptr a) -> Int -> IO b) -> IO b

Pass primitive array list to safe FFI as pointer.

Use proper pointer type and HsInt to marshall Ptr (Ptr a) and Int arguments on C side. The memory pointed by 'Ptr a' will not moved during call. After call returned, pointer is no longer valid.

The second Int arguement is the list size.

Don't pass a forever loop to this function, see #14346.

pinPrimArray :: Prim a => PrimArray a -> IO (PrimArray a)

Convert a PrimArray to a pinned one(memory won't moved by GC) if necessary.

pinPrimVector :: Prim a => PrimVector a -> IO (PrimVector a)

Convert a PrimVector to a pinned one(memory won't moved by GC) if necessary.

Pointer helpers

type BA# a = ByteArray#

Type alias for ByteArray#.

Describe a ByteArray# which we are going to pass across FFI. Use this type with UnliftedFFITypes extension, At C side you should use a proper const pointer type.

Don't cast BA# to Addr# since the heap object offset is hard-coded in code generator: Note [Unlifted boxed arguments to foreign calls]

In haskell side we use type system to distinguish immutable / mutable arrays, but in C side we can't. So it's users' responsibility to make sure the array content is not mutated (a const pointer type may help).

USE THIS TYPE WITH UNSAFE FFI CALL ONLY. A ByteArray# COULD BE MOVED BY GC DURING SAFE FFI CALL.

type MBA# a = MutableByteArray# RealWorld

Type alias for MutableByteArray# RealWorld.

Describe a MutableByteArray# which we are going to pass across FFI. Use this type with UnliftedFFITypes extension, At C side you should use a proper pointer type.

Don't cast MBA# to Addr# since the heap object offset is hard-coded in code generator: Note [Unlifted boxed arguments to foreign calls]

USE THIS TYPE WITH UNSAFE FFI CALL ONLY. A MutableByteArray# COULD BE MOVED BY GC DURING SAFE FFI CALL.

type BAArray# a = ArrayArray#

Type alias for ArrayArray#.

Describe a array of ByteArray# which we are going to pass across FFI. Use this type with UnliftedFFITypes extension, At C side you should use StgArrBytes**(>=8.10) or StgMutArrPtrs*(<8.10) type from "Rts.h", example code modified from GHC manual:

// C source, must include the RTS to make the struct StgArrBytes
// available along with its fields: ptrs and payload.
#include "Rts.h"
// GHC 8.10 changes the way how ArrayArray# is passed to C, so...
#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 810
HsInt sum_first (StgMutArrPtrs *arr, HsInt len) {
  StgArrBytes **bufs = (StgArrBytes**)arr->payload;
#else
HsInt sum_first (StgArrBytes **bufs, HsInt len) {
#endif
  int res = 0;
  for(StgWord ix = 0;ix < len;ix++) {
     // payload pointer type is StgWord*, cast it before use!
     res = res + ((HsInt*)(bufs[ix]->payload))[0];
  }
  return res;
}

-- Haskell source, all elements in the argument array must be
-- either ByteArray# or MutableByteArray#. This is not enforced
-- by the type system in this example since ArrayArray is untyped.
foreign import ccall unsafe "sum_first" sumFirst :: BAArray# Int -> Int -> IO CInt

clearMBA

Arguments

:: MBA# a

-> Int

in bytes

-> IO ()

Clear MBA# with given length to zero.

clearPtr :: Ptr a -> Int -> IO ()

Zero a structure.

There's no Storable or Prim constraint on a type, the length should be given in bytes.

castPtr :: Ptr a -> Ptr b

The castPtr function casts a pointer from one type to another.

fromNullTerminated :: Ptr a -> IO Bytes

Copy some bytes from a null terminated pointer(without copying the null terminator).

You should consider using CBytes type for storing NULL terminated bytes first, This method is provided if you really need to read Bytes, there's no encoding guarantee, result could be any bytes sequence.

fromPtr

Arguments

:: Ptr a

-> Int

in bytes

-> IO Bytes

Copy some bytes from a pointer.

There's no encoding guarantee, result could be any bytes sequence.

fromPrimPtr

Arguments

:: forall a. Prim a

=> Ptr a

-> Int

in elements

-> IO (PrimVector a)

Copy some bytes from a pointer.

There's no encoding guarantee, result could be any bytes sequence.

data StdString

std::string Pointer tag.

fromStdString :: IO (Ptr StdString) -> IO Bytes

Run FFI in bracket and marshall std::string* result into Haskell heap bytes, memory pointed by std::string* will be delete ed.

re-export

data RealWorld

RealWorld is deeply magical. It is primitive, but it is not unlifted (hence ptrArg). We never manipulate values of type RealWorld; it's only used in the type system, to parameterise State#.

module Data.Primitive.ByteArray

module Data.Primitive.PrimArray

module Foreign.C.Types

module Data.Primitive.Ptr

module Z.Data.Array.Unaligned