Data.Aeson

Types and functions for working efficiently with JSON data.

(A note on naming: in Greek mythology, Aeson was the father of Jason.)

How to use this library

This section contains basic information on the different ways to decode data using this library. These range from simple but inflexible, to complex but flexible.

The most common way to use the library is to define a data type, corresponding to some JSON data you want to work with, and then write either a FromJSON instance, a to ToJSON instance, or both for that type. For example, given this JSON data:

 { "name": "Joe", "age": 12 }

we create a matching data type:

 data Person = Person
     { name :: Text
     , age  :: Int
     } deriving Show

To decode data, we need to define a FromJSON instance:

 {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}

 instance FromJSON Person where
     parseJSON (Object v) = Person <$>
                            v .: "name" <*>
                            v .: "age"
     -- A non-Object value is of the wrong type, so fail.
     parseJSON _          = mzero

We can now parse the JSON data like so:

 >>> decode "{\"name\":\"Joe\",\"age\":12}" :: Maybe Person
 Just (Person {name = "Joe", age = 12})

To encode data, we need to define a ToJSON instance:

 instance ToJSON Person where
     toJSON (Person name age) = object ["name" .= name, "age" .= age]

We can now encode a value like so:

 >>> encode (Person {name = "Joe", age = 12})
 "{\"name\":\"Joe\",\"age\":12}"

There are predefined FromJSON and ToJSON instances for many types. Here's an example using lists and Ints:

 >>> decode "[1,2,3]" :: Maybe [Int]
 Just [1,2,3]

And here's an example using the Map type to get a map of Ints.

 >>> decode "{\"foo\":1,\"bar\":2}" :: Maybe (Map String Int)
 Just (fromList [("bar",2),("foo",1)])

Working with the AST

Sometimes you want to work with JSON data directly, without first converting it to a custom data type. This can be useful if you want to e.g. convert JSON data to YAML data, without knowing what the contents of the original JSON data was. The Value type, which is an instance of FromJSON, is used to represent an arbitrary JSON AST (abstract syntax tree). Example usage:

 >>> decode "{\"foo\": 123}" :: Maybe Value
 Just (Object (fromList [("foo",Number 123)]))

 >>> decode "{\"foo\": [\"abc\",\"def\"]}" :: Maybe Value
 Just (Object (fromList [("foo",Array (fromList [String "abc",String "def"]))]))

Once you have a Value you can write functions to traverse it and make arbitrary transformations.

Decoding to a Haskell value

Any instance of FromJSON can be specified (but see the "Pitfalls" section here—Data.Aeson):

 λ> decode "[1,2,3]" :: Maybe [Int] Just [1,2,3]

Alternatively, there are instances for standard data types, so you can use them directly. For example, use the Map type to get a map of Ints.

 λ> :m + Data.Map λ> decode "{\"foo\":1,\"bar\":2}" :: Maybe (Map String Int) Just (fromList [("bar",2),("foo",1)])

Decoding a mixed-type object

The above approach with maps of course will not work for mixed-type objects that don't follow a strict schema, but there are a couple of approaches available for these.

The Object type contains JSON objects:

 λ> decode "{\"name\":\"Dave\",\"age\":2}" :: Maybe Object Just (fromList) [("name",String "Dave"),("age",Number 2)]

You can extract values from it with a parser using parse, parseEither or, in this example, parseMaybe:

 λ> do result <- decode "{\"name\":\"Dave\",\"age\":2}"       flip parseMaybe result $ \obj -> do
         age <- obj .: "age"
         name <- obj .: "name"
         return (name ++ ": " ++ show (age*2))

 Just "Dave: 4"

Considering that any type that implements FromJSON can be used here, this is quite a powerful way to parse JSON. See the documentation in FromJSON for how to implement this class for your own data types.

The downside is that you have to write the parser yourself; the upside is that you have complete control over the way the JSON is parsed.

Automatically decoding data types

If you don't want fine control and would prefer the JSON be parsed to your own data types automatically according to some reasonably sensible isomorphic implementation, you can use the generic parser based on Typeable and Data. Switch to the Generic module, and you can do the following:

 λ> decode "[1]" :: Maybe [Int] Just [1]
 λ> :m + Data.Typeable Data.Data λ> :set -XDeriveDataTypeable λ> data Person = Person { personName :: String, personAge :: Int } deriving (Data,Typeable,Show) λ> encode Person { personName = "Chris", personAge = 123 } "{\"personAge\":123,\"personName\":\"Chris\"}"
 λ> decode "{\"personAge\":123,\"personName\":\"Chris\"}" :: Maybe Person Just (Person {
 personName = "Chris", personAge = 123
 })

Be aware that the encoding may not always be what you'd naively expect:

 λ> data Foo = Foo Int Int deriving (Data,Typeable,Show) λ> encode (Foo 1 2) "[1,2]"

With this approach, it's best to treat the decode and encode functions as an isomorphism, and not to rely upon (or care about) the specific intermediate representation.

Pitfalls

Note that the JSON standard requires that the top-level value be either an array or an object. If you try to use decode with a result type that is not represented in JSON as an array or object, your code will typecheck, but it will always "fail" at runtime:

 >>> decode "1" :: Maybe Int
 Nothing
 >>> decode "1" :: Maybe String
 Nothing

So stick to objects (e.g. maps in Haskell) or arrays (lists or vectors in Haskell):

 >>> decode "[1,2,3]" :: Maybe [Int]
 Just [1,2,3]

When encoding to JSON you can encode anything that's an instance of ToJSON, and this may include simple types. So beware that this aspect of the API is not isomorphic. You can round-trip arrays and maps, but not simple values:

 >>> encode [1,2,3]
 "[1,2,3]"
 >>> decode (encode [1]) :: Maybe [Int]
 Just [1]
 >>> encode 1
 "1"
 >>> decode (encode (1 :: Int)) :: Maybe Int
 Nothing

Alternatively, see value to parse non-top-level JSON values.

Encoding and decoding

Encoding and decoding are each two-step processes.

• To encode a value, it is first converted to an abstract syntax tree (AST), using ToJSON. This generic representation is then encoded as bytes.
• When decoding a value, the process is reversed: the bytes are converted to an AST, then the FromJSON class is used to convert to the desired type.

For convenience, the encode and decode functions combine both steps.

decode :: FromJSON a => ByteString -> Maybe a

Efficiently deserialize a JSON value from a lazy ByteString. If this fails due to incomplete or invalid input, Nothing is returned.

The input must consist solely of a JSON document, with no trailing data except for whitespace. This restriction is necessary to ensure that if data is being lazily read from a file handle, the file handle will be closed in a timely fashion once the document has been parsed.

This function parses immediately, but defers conversion. See json for details.

decode' :: FromJSON a => ByteString -> Maybe a

Efficiently deserialize a JSON value from a lazy ByteString. If this fails due to incomplete or invalid input, Nothing is returned.

The input must consist solely of a JSON document, with no trailing data except for whitespace. This restriction is necessary to ensure that if data is being lazily read from a file handle, the file handle will be closed in a timely fashion once the document has been parsed.

This function parses and performs conversion immediately. See json' for details.

eitherDecode :: FromJSON a => ByteString -> Either String a

Like decode but returns an error message when decoding fails.

eitherDecode' :: FromJSON a => ByteString -> Either String a

Like decode' but returns an error message when decoding fails.

encode :: ToJSON a => a -> ByteString

Encode a JSON Value as a UTF-8 encoded ByteString.

Variants for strict bytestrings

decodeStrict :: FromJSON a => ByteString -> Maybe a

Efficiently deserialize a JSON value from a strict ByteString. If this fails due to incomplete or invalid input, Nothing is returned.

The input must consist solely of a JSON document, with no trailing data except for whitespace.

This function parses immediately, but defers conversion. See json for details.

decodeStrict' :: FromJSON a => ByteString -> Maybe a

Efficiently deserialize a JSON value from a lazy ByteString. If this fails due to incomplete or invalid input, Nothing is returned.

The input must consist solely of a JSON document, with no trailing data except for whitespace.

This function parses and performs conversion immediately. See json' for details.

eitherDecodeStrict :: FromJSON a => ByteString -> Either String a

Like decodeStrict but returns an error message when decoding fails.

eitherDecodeStrict' :: FromJSON a => ByteString -> Either String a

Like decodeStrict' but returns an error message when decoding fails.

Core JSON types

data Value

A JSON value represented as a Haskell value.

Constructors

Object !Object

Array !Array

String !Text

Number !Scientific

Bool !Bool

Null

Instances

Eq Value

Data Value

Show Value

Typeable Value

IsString Value

NFData Value

Hashable Value

FromJSON Value

ToJSON Value

type Array = Vector Value

A JSON "array" (sequence).

type Object = HashMap Text Value

A JSON "object" (key/value map).

Convenience types

newtype DotNetTime

A newtype wrapper for UTCTime that uses the same non-standard serialization format as Microsoft .NET, whose System.DateTime type is by default serialized to JSON as in the following example:

 /Date(1302547608878)/

The number represents milliseconds since the Unix epoch.

Constructors

DotNetTime

Fields

fromDotNetTime :: UTCTime

Instances

Eq DotNetTime

Ord DotNetTime

Read DotNetTime

Show DotNetTime

Typeable DotNetTime

FormatTime DotNetTime

FromJSON DotNetTime

ToJSON DotNetTime

Type conversion

class FromJSON a where

A type that can be converted from JSON, with the possibility of failure.

When writing an instance, use empty, mzero, or fail to make a conversion fail, e.g. if an Object is missing a required key, or the value is of the wrong type.

An example type and instance:

{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}

data Coord = Coord { x :: Double, y :: Double }

instance FromJSON Coord where
   parseJSON (Object v) = Coord    <$>
                          v .: "x" <*>
                          v .: "y"

-- A non-Object value is of the wrong type, so use mzero to fail.
   parseJSON _          = mzero

Note the use of the OverloadedStrings language extension which enables Text values to be written as string literals.

Instead of manually writing your FromJSON instance, there are three options to do it automatically:

• Data.Aeson.TH provides template-haskell functions which will derive an instance at compile-time. The generated instance is optimized for your type so will probably be more efficient than the following two options:
• Data.Aeson.Generic provides a generic fromJSON function that parses to any type which is an instance of Data.
• If your compiler has support for the DeriveGeneric and DefaultSignatures language extensions, parseJSON will have a default generic implementation.

To use this, simply add a deriving Generic clause to your datatype and declare a FromJSON instance for your datatype without giving a definition for parseJSON.

For example the previous example can be simplified to just:

{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}

import GHC.Generics

data Coord = Coord { x :: Double, y :: Double } deriving Generic

instance FromJSON Coord

Note that, instead of using DefaultSignatures, it's also possible to parameterize the generic decoding using genericParseJSON applied to your encoding/decoding Options:

 instance FromJSON Coord where
     parseJSON = genericParseJSON defaultOptions

Methods

parseJSON :: Value -> Parser a

Instances

FromJSON Bool

FromJSON Char

FromJSON Double

FromJSON Float

FromJSON Int

FromJSON Int8

FromJSON Int16

FromJSON Int32

FromJSON Int64

FromJSON Integer

FromJSON Word

FromJSON Word8

FromJSON Word16

FromJSON Word32

FromJSON Word64

FromJSON ()

FromJSON Text

FromJSON Number

FromJSON IntSet

FromJSON Scientific

FromJSON Text

FromJSON ZonedTime

FromJSON UTCTime

FromJSON DotNetTime

FromJSON Value

FromJSON [Char]

FromJSON a => FromJSON [a]

FromJSON (Ratio Integer)

FromJSON a => FromJSON (Maybe a)

HasResolution a => FromJSON (Fixed a)

FromJSON a => FromJSON (Dual a)

FromJSON a => FromJSON (First a)

FromJSON a => FromJSON (Last a)

FromJSON v => FromJSON (Tree v)

FromJSON a => FromJSON (IntMap a)

(Ord a, FromJSON a) => FromJSON (Set a)

(Eq a, Hashable a, FromJSON a) => FromJSON (HashSet a)

FromJSON a => FromJSON (Vector a)

(Vector Vector a, FromJSON a) => FromJSON (Vector a)

(Storable a, FromJSON a) => FromJSON (Vector a)

(Prim a, FromJSON a) => FromJSON (Vector a)

(FromJSON a, FromJSON b) => FromJSON (Either a b)

(FromJSON a, FromJSON b) => FromJSON (a, b)

FromJSON v => FromJSON (Map String v)

FromJSON v => FromJSON (Map Text v)

FromJSON v => FromJSON (Map Text v)

FromJSON v => FromJSON (HashMap String v)

FromJSON v => FromJSON (HashMap Text v)

FromJSON v => FromJSON (HashMap Text v)

(FromJSON a, FromJSON b, FromJSON c) => FromJSON (a, b, c)

(FromJSON a, FromJSON b, FromJSON c, FromJSON d) => FromJSON (a, b, c, d)

(FromJSON a, FromJSON b, FromJSON c, FromJSON d, FromJSON e) => FromJSON (a, b, c, d, e)

(FromJSON a, FromJSON b, FromJSON c, FromJSON d, FromJSON e, FromJSON f) => FromJSON (a, b, c, d, e, f)

(FromJSON a, FromJSON b, FromJSON c, FromJSON d, FromJSON e, FromJSON f, FromJSON g) => FromJSON (a, b, c, d, e, f, g)

data Result a

The result of running a Parser.

Constructors

Error String

Success a

Instances

Monad Result

Functor Result

Typeable1 Result

MonadPlus Result

Applicative Result

Alternative Result

Eq a => Eq (Result a)

Show a => Show (Result a)

Monoid (Result a)

NFData a => NFData (Result a)

fromJSON :: FromJSON a => Value -> Result a

Convert a value from JSON, failing if the types do not match.

class ToJSON a where

A type that can be converted to JSON.

An example type and instance:

{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}

data Coord = Coord { x :: Double, y :: Double }

instance ToJSON Coord where
   toJSON (Coord x y) = object ["x" .= x, "y" .= y]

Note the use of the OverloadedStrings language extension which enables Text values to be written as string literals.

Instead of manually writing your ToJSON instance, there are three options to do it automatically:

• Data.Aeson.TH provides template-haskell functions which will derive an instance at compile-time. The generated instance is optimized for your type so will probably be more efficient than the following two options:
• Data.Aeson.Generic provides a generic toJSON function that accepts any type which is an instance of Data.
• If your compiler has support for the DeriveGeneric and DefaultSignatures language extensions (GHC 7.2 and newer), toJSON will have a default generic implementation.

To use the latter option, simply add a deriving Generic clause to your datatype and declare a ToJSON instance for your datatype without giving a definition for toJSON.

For example the previous example can be simplified to just:

{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}

import GHC.Generics

data Coord = Coord { x :: Double, y :: Double } deriving Generic

instance ToJSON Coord

Note that, instead of using DefaultSignatures, it's also possible to parameterize the generic encoding using genericToJSON applied to your encoding/decoding Options:

 instance ToJSON Coord where
     toJSON = genericToJSON defaultOptions

Methods

toJSON :: a -> Value

Instances

ToJSON Bool

ToJSON Char

ToJSON Double

ToJSON Float

ToJSON Int

ToJSON Int8

ToJSON Int16

ToJSON Int32

ToJSON Int64

ToJSON Integer

ToJSON Word

ToJSON Word8

ToJSON Word16

ToJSON Word32

ToJSON Word64

ToJSON ()

ToJSON Text

ToJSON Number

ToJSON IntSet

ToJSON Scientific

ToJSON Text

ToJSON ZonedTime

ToJSON UTCTime

ToJSON DotNetTime

ToJSON Value

ToJSON [Char]

ToJSON a => ToJSON [a]

ToJSON (Ratio Integer)

ToJSON a => ToJSON (Maybe a)

HasResolution a => ToJSON (Fixed a)

ToJSON a => ToJSON (Dual a)

ToJSON a => ToJSON (First a)

ToJSON a => ToJSON (Last a)

ToJSON v => ToJSON (Tree v)

ToJSON a => ToJSON (IntMap a)

ToJSON a => ToJSON (Set a)

ToJSON a => ToJSON (HashSet a)

ToJSON a => ToJSON (Vector a)

(Vector Vector a, ToJSON a) => ToJSON (Vector a)

(Storable a, ToJSON a) => ToJSON (Vector a)

(Prim a, ToJSON a) => ToJSON (Vector a)

(ToJSON a, ToJSON b) => ToJSON (Either a b)

(ToJSON a, ToJSON b) => ToJSON (a, b)

ToJSON v => ToJSON (Map String v)

ToJSON v => ToJSON (Map Text v)

ToJSON v => ToJSON (Map Text v)

ToJSON v => ToJSON (HashMap String v)

ToJSON v => ToJSON (HashMap Text v)

ToJSON v => ToJSON (HashMap Text v)

(ToJSON a, ToJSON b, ToJSON c) => ToJSON (a, b, c)

(ToJSON a, ToJSON b, ToJSON c, ToJSON d) => ToJSON (a, b, c, d)

(ToJSON a, ToJSON b, ToJSON c, ToJSON d, ToJSON e) => ToJSON (a, b, c, d, e)

(ToJSON a, ToJSON b, ToJSON c, ToJSON d, ToJSON e, ToJSON f) => ToJSON (a, b, c, d, e, f)

(ToJSON a, ToJSON b, ToJSON c, ToJSON d, ToJSON e, ToJSON f, ToJSON g) => ToJSON (a, b, c, d, e, f, g)

Generic JSON classes

class GFromJSON f where

Class of generic representation types (Rep) that can be converted from JSON.

Methods

gParseJSON :: Options -> Value -> Parser (f a)

This method (applied to defaultOptions) is used as the default generic implementation of parseJSON.

Instances

GFromJSON U1

FromJSON a => GFromJSON (K1 i a)

(AllNullary (:+: a b) allNullary, ParseSum (:+: a b) allNullary) => GFromJSON (:+: a b)

(FromProduct a, FromProduct b, ProductSize a, ProductSize b) => GFromJSON (:*: a b)

ConsFromJSON a => GFromJSON (C1 c a)

GFromJSON a => GFromJSON (M1 i c a)

class GToJSON f where

Class of generic representation types (Rep) that can be converted to JSON.

Methods

gToJSON :: Options -> f a -> Value

This method (applied to defaultOptions) is used as the default generic implementation of toJSON.

Instances

GToJSON U1

ToJSON a => GToJSON (K1 i a)

(AllNullary (:+: a b) allNullary, SumToJSON (:+: a b) allNullary) => GToJSON (:+: a b)

(WriteProduct a, WriteProduct b, ProductSize a, ProductSize b) => GToJSON (:*: a b)

ConsToJSON a => GToJSON (C1 c a)

GToJSON a => GToJSON (M1 i c a)

genericToJSON :: (Generic a, GToJSON (Rep a)) => Options -> a -> Value

A configurable generic JSON encoder. This function applied to defaultOptions is used as the default for toJSON when the type is an instance of Generic.

genericParseJSON :: (Generic a, GFromJSON (Rep a)) => Options -> Value -> Parser a

A configurable generic JSON decoder. This function applied to defaultOptions is used as the default for parseJSON when the type is an instance of Generic.

Inspecting Values

withObject :: String -> (Object -> Parser a) -> Value -> Parser a

withObject expected f value applies f to the Object when value is an Object and fails using typeMismatch expected otherwise.

withText :: String -> (Text -> Parser a) -> Value -> Parser a

withText expected f value applies f to the Text when value is a String and fails using typeMismatch expected otherwise.

withArray :: String -> (Array -> Parser a) -> Value -> Parser a

withArray expected f value applies f to the Array when value is an Array and fails using typeMismatch expected otherwise.

withNumber :: String -> (Number -> Parser a) -> Value -> Parser a

Deprecated: Use withScientific instead

withNumber expected f value applies f to the Number when value is a Number. and fails using typeMismatch expected otherwise.

withBool :: String -> (Bool -> Parser a) -> Value -> Parser a

withBool expected f value applies f to the Bool when value is a Bool and fails using typeMismatch expected otherwise.

Constructors and accessors

(.=) :: ToJSON a => Text -> a -> Pair

Construct a Pair from a key and a value.

(.:) :: FromJSON a => Object -> Text -> Parser a

Retrieve the value associated with the given key of an Object. The result is empty if the key is not present or the value cannot be converted to the desired type.

This accessor is appropriate if the key and value must be present in an object for it to be valid. If the key and value are optional, use '(.:?)' instead.

(.:?) :: FromJSON a => Object -> Text -> Parser (Maybe a)

Retrieve the value associated with the given key of an Object. The result is Nothing if the key is not present, or empty if the value cannot be converted to the desired type.

This accessor is most useful if the key and value can be absent from an object without affecting its validity. If the key and value are mandatory, use '(.:)' instead.

(.!=) :: Parser (Maybe a) -> a -> Parser a

Helper for use in combination with .:? to provide default values for optional JSON object fields.

This combinator is most useful if the key and value can be absent from an object without affecting its validity and we know a default value to assign in that case. If the key and value are mandatory, use '(.:)' instead.

Example usage:

 v1 <- o .:? "opt_field_with_dfl" .!= "default_val"
 v2 <- o .:  "mandatory_field"
 v3 <- o .:? "opt_field2"

object :: [Pair] -> Value

Create a Value from a list of name/value Pairs. If duplicate keys arise, earlier keys and their associated values win.

Parsing

json :: Parser Value

Parse a top-level JSON value. This must be either an object or an array, per RFC 4627.

The conversion of a parsed value to a Haskell value is deferred until the Haskell value is needed. This may improve performance if only a subset of the results of conversions are needed, but at a cost in thunk allocation.

json' :: Parser Value

Parse a top-level JSON value. This must be either an object or an array, per RFC 4627.

This is a strict version of json which avoids building up thunks during parsing; it performs all conversions immediately. Prefer this version if most of the JSON data needs to be accessed.