Copyright | (c) The University of Glasgow 2001 |
---|---|
License | BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE) |
Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org |
Stability | stable |
Portability | portable |
Safe Haskell | Trustworthy |
Language | Haskell2010 |
Prelude
Description
The Prelude: a standard module. The Prelude is imported by default into all Haskell modules unless either there is an explicit import statement for it, or the NoImplicitPrelude extension is enabled.
Synopsis
- data Bool
- (&&) :: Bool -> Bool -> Bool
- (||) :: Bool -> Bool -> Bool
- not :: Bool -> Bool
- otherwise :: Bool
- data Maybe a
- maybe :: b -> (a -> b) -> Maybe a -> b
- data Either a b
- either :: (a -> c) -> (b -> c) -> Either a b -> c
- data Ordering
- data Char
- type String = [Char]
- fst :: (a, b) -> a
- snd :: (a, b) -> b
- curry :: ((a, b) -> c) -> a -> b -> c
- uncurry :: (a -> b -> c) -> (a, b) -> c
- class Eq a where
- class Eq a => Ord a where
- class Enum a where
- succ :: a -> a
- pred :: a -> a
- toEnum :: Int -> a
- fromEnum :: a -> Int
- enumFrom :: a -> [a]
- enumFromThen :: a -> a -> [a]
- enumFromTo :: a -> a -> [a]
- enumFromThenTo :: a -> a -> a -> [a]
- class Bounded a where
- data Int
- data Integer
- data Float
- data Double
- type Rational = Ratio Integer
- data Word
- class Num a where
- class (Num a, Ord a) => Real a where
- toRational :: a -> Rational
- class (Real a, Enum a) => Integral a where
- class Num a => Fractional a where
- (/) :: a -> a -> a
- recip :: a -> a
- fromRational :: Rational -> a
- class Fractional a => Floating a where
- class (Real a, Fractional a) => RealFrac a where
- class (RealFrac a, Floating a) => RealFloat a where
- floatRadix :: a -> Integer
- floatDigits :: a -> Int
- floatRange :: a -> (Int, Int)
- decodeFloat :: a -> (Integer, Int)
- encodeFloat :: Integer -> Int -> a
- exponent :: a -> Int
- significand :: a -> a
- scaleFloat :: Int -> a -> a
- isNaN :: a -> Bool
- isInfinite :: a -> Bool
- isDenormalized :: a -> Bool
- isNegativeZero :: a -> Bool
- isIEEE :: a -> Bool
- atan2 :: a -> a -> a
- subtract :: Num a => a -> a -> a
- even :: Integral a => a -> Bool
- odd :: Integral a => a -> Bool
- gcd :: Integral a => a -> a -> a
- lcm :: Integral a => a -> a -> a
- (^) :: (Num a, Integral b) => a -> b -> a
- (^^) :: (Fractional a, Integral b) => a -> b -> a
- fromIntegral :: (Integral a, Num b) => a -> b
- realToFrac :: (Real a, Fractional b) => a -> b
- class Semigroup a where
- (<>) :: a -> a -> a
- class Semigroup a => Monoid a where
- class Functor f where
- (<$>) :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b
- class Functor f => Applicative f where
- class Applicative m => Monad m where
- class Monad m => MonadFail m where
- mapM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m ()
- sequence_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t (m a) -> m ()
- (=<<) :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> m a -> m b
- class Foldable t where
- foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> t a -> m
- foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> t a -> b
- foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> t a -> b
- foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> t a -> a
- foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> t a -> a
- elem :: Eq a => a -> t a -> Bool
- maximum :: forall a. Ord a => t a -> a
- minimum :: forall a. Ord a => t a -> a
- sum :: Num a => t a -> a
- product :: Num a => t a -> a
- class (Functor t, Foldable t) => Traversable t where
- traverse :: Applicative f => (a -> f b) -> t a -> f (t b)
- sequenceA :: Applicative f => t (f a) -> f (t a)
- mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m (t b)
- sequence :: Monad m => t (m a) -> m (t a)
- id :: a -> a
- const :: a -> b -> a
- (.) :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c
- flip :: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> a -> c
- ($) :: forall r a (b :: TYPE r). (a -> b) -> a -> b
- until :: (a -> Bool) -> (a -> a) -> a -> a
- asTypeOf :: a -> a -> a
- error :: forall (r :: RuntimeRep). forall (a :: TYPE r). HasCallStack => [Char] -> a
- errorWithoutStackTrace :: forall (r :: RuntimeRep). forall (a :: TYPE r). [Char] -> a
- undefined :: forall (r :: RuntimeRep). forall (a :: TYPE r). HasCallStack => a
- seq :: forall {r :: RuntimeRep} a (b :: TYPE r). a -> b -> b
- ($!) :: forall r a (b :: TYPE r). (a -> b) -> a -> b
- map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
- (++) :: [a] -> [a] -> [a]
- filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
- head :: HasCallStack => [a] -> a
- last :: HasCallStack => [a] -> a
- tail :: HasCallStack => [a] -> [a]
- init :: HasCallStack => [a] -> [a]
- (!!) :: HasCallStack => [a] -> Int -> a
- null :: Foldable t => t a -> Bool
- length :: Foldable t => t a -> Int
- reverse :: [a] -> [a]
- and :: Foldable t => t Bool -> Bool
- or :: Foldable t => t Bool -> Bool
- any :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool
- all :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool
- concat :: Foldable t => t [a] -> [a]
- concatMap :: Foldable t => (a -> [b]) -> t a -> [b]
- scanl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> [a] -> [b]
- scanl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]
- scanr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> [b]
- scanr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]
- iterate :: (a -> a) -> a -> [a]
- repeat :: a -> [a]
- replicate :: Int -> a -> [a]
- cycle :: HasCallStack => [a] -> [a]
- take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
- drop :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
- takeWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
- dropWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
- span :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
- break :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
- splitAt :: Int -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
- notElem :: (Foldable t, Eq a) => a -> t a -> Bool
- lookup :: Eq a => a -> [(a, b)] -> Maybe b
- zip :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a, b)]
- zip3 :: [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [(a, b, c)]
- zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c]
- zipWith3 :: (a -> b -> c -> d) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d]
- unzip :: [(a, b)] -> ([a], [b])
- unzip3 :: [(a, b, c)] -> ([a], [b], [c])
- lines :: String -> [String]
- words :: String -> [String]
- unlines :: [String] -> String
- unwords :: [String] -> String
- type ShowS = String -> String
- class Show a where
- shows :: Show a => a -> ShowS
- showChar :: Char -> ShowS
- showString :: String -> ShowS
- showParen :: Bool -> ShowS -> ShowS
- type ReadS a = String -> [(a, String)]
- class Read a where
- reads :: Read a => ReadS a
- readParen :: Bool -> ReadS a -> ReadS a
- read :: Read a => String -> a
- lex :: ReadS String
- data IO a
- putChar :: Char -> IO ()
- putStr :: String -> IO ()
- putStrLn :: String -> IO ()
- print :: Show a => a -> IO ()
- getChar :: IO Char
- getLine :: IO String
- getContents :: IO String
- interact :: (String -> String) -> IO ()
- type FilePath = String
- readFile :: FilePath -> IO String
- writeFile :: FilePath -> String -> IO ()
- appendFile :: FilePath -> String -> IO ()
- readIO :: Read a => String -> IO a
- readLn :: Read a => IO a
- type IOError = IOException
- ioError :: IOError -> IO a
- userError :: String -> IOError
- class a ~# b => (a :: k) ~ (b :: k)
Standard types, classes and related functions
Basic data types
Instances
Data Bool Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Bool -> c Bool Source # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Bool Source # toConstr :: Bool -> Constr Source # dataTypeOf :: Bool -> DataType Source # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Bool) Source # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Bool) Source # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Bool -> Bool Source # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Bool -> r Source # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Bool -> r Source # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Bool -> [u] Source # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Bool -> u Source # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Bool -> m Bool Source # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Bool -> m Bool Source # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Bool -> m Bool Source # | |
Storable Bool Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Foreign.Storable Methods sizeOf :: Bool -> Int Source # alignment :: Bool -> Int Source # peekElemOff :: Ptr Bool -> Int -> IO Bool Source # pokeElemOff :: Ptr Bool -> Int -> Bool -> IO () Source # peekByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> IO Bool Source # pokeByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> Bool -> IO () Source # | |
Bits Bool Source # | Interpret Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Bits Methods (.&.) :: Bool -> Bool -> Bool Source # (.|.) :: Bool -> Bool -> Bool Source # xor :: Bool -> Bool -> Bool Source # complement :: Bool -> Bool Source # shift :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # rotate :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # setBit :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # clearBit :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # complementBit :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # testBit :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # bitSizeMaybe :: Bool -> Maybe Int Source # bitSize :: Bool -> Int Source # isSigned :: Bool -> Bool Source # shiftL :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # unsafeShiftL :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # shiftR :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # unsafeShiftR :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # rotateL :: Bool -> Int -> Bool Source # | |
FiniteBits Bool Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Bounded Bool Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Enum Bool Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Generic Bool Source # | |
Ix Bool Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Bool Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Bool Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Bool | |
Ord Bool | |
type Rep Bool Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
The Maybe
type encapsulates an optional value. A value of type
either contains a value of type Maybe
aa
(represented as
),
or it is empty (represented as Just
aNothing
). Using Maybe
is a good way to
deal with errors or exceptional cases without resorting to drastic
measures such as error
.
The Maybe
type is also a monad. It is a simple kind of error
monad, where all errors are represented by Nothing
. A richer
error monad can be built using the Either
type.
Instances
MonadFail Maybe Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
MonadFix Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
MonadZip Maybe Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Foldable Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Maybe m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Maybe a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Maybe a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Maybe a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Maybe a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Maybe a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Maybe a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Maybe a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Maybe a -> a Source # toList :: Maybe a -> [a] Source # null :: Maybe a -> Bool Source # length :: Maybe a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Maybe a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Maybe a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Maybe a -> a Source # | |
Eq1 Maybe Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord1 Maybe Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Classes | |
Read1 Maybe Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Classes Methods liftReadsPrec :: (Int -> ReadS a) -> ReadS [a] -> Int -> ReadS (Maybe a) Source # liftReadList :: (Int -> ReadS a) -> ReadS [a] -> ReadS [Maybe a] Source # liftReadPrec :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] -> ReadPrec (Maybe a) Source # liftReadListPrec :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] -> ReadPrec [Maybe a] Source # | |
Show1 Maybe Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Alternative Maybe Source # | Picks the leftmost Since: base-2.1 |
Applicative Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
MonadPlus Maybe Source # | Picks the leftmost Since: base-2.1 |
Generic1 Maybe Source # | |
Data a => Data (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Maybe a -> c (Maybe a) Source # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Maybe a) Source # toConstr :: Maybe a -> Constr Source # dataTypeOf :: Maybe a -> DataType Source # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Maybe a)) Source # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Maybe a)) Source # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Maybe a -> Maybe a Source # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Maybe a -> r Source # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Maybe a -> r Source # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Maybe a -> [u] Source # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Maybe a -> u Source # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Maybe a -> m (Maybe a) Source # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Maybe a -> m (Maybe a) Source # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Maybe a -> m (Maybe a) Source # | |
Semigroup a => Monoid (Maybe a) Source # | Lift a semigroup into Since 4.11.0: constraint on inner Since: base-2.1 |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Generic (Maybe a) Source # | |
Read a => Read (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show a => Show (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq a => Eq (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord a => Ord (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
type Rep1 Maybe Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
type Rep (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics |
maybe :: b -> (a -> b) -> Maybe a -> b Source #
The maybe
function takes a default value, a function, and a Maybe
value. If the Maybe
value is Nothing
, the function returns the
default value. Otherwise, it applies the function to the value inside
the Just
and returns the result.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
maybe False odd (Just 3)
True
>>>
maybe False odd Nothing
False
Read an integer from a string using readMaybe
. If we succeed,
return twice the integer; that is, apply (*2)
to it. If instead
we fail to parse an integer, return 0
by default:
>>>
import Text.Read ( readMaybe )
>>>
maybe 0 (*2) (readMaybe "5")
10>>>
maybe 0 (*2) (readMaybe "")
0
Apply show
to a Maybe Int
. If we have Just n
, we want to show
the underlying Int
n
. But if we have Nothing
, we return the
empty string instead of (for example) "Nothing":
>>>
maybe "" show (Just 5)
"5">>>
maybe "" show Nothing
""
The Either
type represents values with two possibilities: a value of
type
is either Either
a b
or Left
a
.Right
b
The Either
type is sometimes used to represent a value which is
either correct or an error; by convention, the Left
constructor is
used to hold an error value and the Right
constructor is used to
hold a correct value (mnemonic: "right" also means "correct").
Examples
The type
is the type of values which can be either
a Either
String
Int
String
or an Int
. The Left
constructor can be used only on
String
s, and the Right
constructor can be used only on Int
s:
>>>
let s = Left "foo" :: Either String Int
>>>
s
Left "foo">>>
let n = Right 3 :: Either String Int
>>>
n
Right 3>>>
:type s
s :: Either String Int>>>
:type n
n :: Either String Int
The fmap
from our Functor
instance will ignore Left
values, but
will apply the supplied function to values contained in a Right
:
>>>
let s = Left "foo" :: Either String Int
>>>
let n = Right 3 :: Either String Int
>>>
fmap (*2) s
Left "foo">>>
fmap (*2) n
Right 6
The Monad
instance for Either
allows us to chain together multiple
actions which may fail, and fail overall if any of the individual
steps failed. First we'll write a function that can either parse an
Int
from a Char
, or fail.
>>>
import Data.Char ( digitToInt, isDigit )
>>>
:{
let parseEither :: Char -> Either String Int parseEither c | isDigit c = Right (digitToInt c) | otherwise = Left "parse error">>>
:}
The following should work, since both '1'
and '2'
can be
parsed as Int
s.
>>>
:{
let parseMultiple :: Either String Int parseMultiple = do x <- parseEither '1' y <- parseEither '2' return (x + y)>>>
:}
>>>
parseMultiple
Right 3
But the following should fail overall, since the first operation where
we attempt to parse 'm'
as an Int
will fail:
>>>
:{
let parseMultiple :: Either String Int parseMultiple = do x <- parseEither 'm' y <- parseEither '2' return (x + y)>>>
:}
>>>
parseMultiple
Left "parse error"
Instances
Bifoldable Either Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Bifoldable | |
Bifoldable1 Either Source # | |
Bifunctor Either Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Bitraversable Either Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Bitraversable Methods bitraverse :: Applicative f => (a -> f c) -> (b -> f d) -> Either a b -> f (Either c d) Source # | |
Eq2 Either Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord2 Either Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Classes | |
Read2 Either Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Classes Methods liftReadsPrec2 :: (Int -> ReadS a) -> ReadS [a] -> (Int -> ReadS b) -> ReadS [b] -> Int -> ReadS (Either a b) Source # liftReadList2 :: (Int -> ReadS a) -> ReadS [a] -> (Int -> ReadS b) -> ReadS [b] -> ReadS [Either a b] Source # liftReadPrec2 :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] -> ReadPrec b -> ReadPrec [b] -> ReadPrec (Either a b) Source # liftReadListPrec2 :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] -> ReadPrec b -> ReadPrec [b] -> ReadPrec [Either a b] Source # | |
Show2 Either Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Classes | |
Generic1 (Either a :: Type -> Type) Source # | |
MonadFix (Either e) Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Foldable (Either a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Either a m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a0 -> m) -> Either a a0 -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a0 -> m) -> Either a a0 -> m Source # foldr :: (a0 -> b -> b) -> b -> Either a a0 -> b Source # foldr' :: (a0 -> b -> b) -> b -> Either a a0 -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a0 -> b) -> b -> Either a a0 -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a0 -> b) -> b -> Either a a0 -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a0 -> a0 -> a0) -> Either a a0 -> a0 Source # foldl1 :: (a0 -> a0 -> a0) -> Either a a0 -> a0 Source # toList :: Either a a0 -> [a0] Source # null :: Either a a0 -> Bool Source # length :: Either a a0 -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a0 => a0 -> Either a a0 -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a0 => Either a a0 -> a0 Source # minimum :: Ord a0 => Either a a0 -> a0 Source # | |
Eq a => Eq1 (Either a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord a => Ord1 (Either a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Classes | |
Read a => Read1 (Either a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Classes Methods liftReadsPrec :: (Int -> ReadS a0) -> ReadS [a0] -> Int -> ReadS (Either a a0) Source # liftReadList :: (Int -> ReadS a0) -> ReadS [a0] -> ReadS [Either a a0] Source # liftReadPrec :: ReadPrec a0 -> ReadPrec [a0] -> ReadPrec (Either a a0) Source # liftReadListPrec :: ReadPrec a0 -> ReadPrec [a0] -> ReadPrec [Either a a0] Source # | |
Show a => Show1 (Either a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable (Either a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable Methods traverse :: Applicative f => (a0 -> f b) -> Either a a0 -> f (Either a b) Source # sequenceA :: Applicative f => Either a (f a0) -> f (Either a a0) Source # mapM :: Monad m => (a0 -> m b) -> Either a a0 -> m (Either a b) Source # sequence :: Monad m => Either a (m a0) -> m (Either a a0) Source # | |
Applicative (Either e) Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
Defined in Data.Either | |
Functor (Either a) Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
Monad (Either e) Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
(Data a, Data b) => Data (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b0. Data d => c (d -> b0) -> d -> c b0) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Either a b -> c (Either a b) Source # gunfold :: (forall b0 r. Data b0 => c (b0 -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Either a b) Source # toConstr :: Either a b -> Constr Source # dataTypeOf :: Either a b -> DataType Source # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Either a b)) Source # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Either a b)) Source # gmapT :: (forall b0. Data b0 => b0 -> b0) -> Either a b -> Either a b Source # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Either a b -> r Source # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Either a b -> r Source # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Either a b -> [u] Source # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Either a b -> u Source # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Either a b -> m (Either a b) Source # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Either a b -> m (Either a b) Source # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Either a b -> m (Either a b) Source # | |
Semigroup (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Generic (Either a b) Source # | |
(Read a, Read b) => Read (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
(Show a, Show b) => Show (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
(Eq a, Eq b) => Eq (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Ord a, Ord b) => Ord (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Data.Either Methods compare :: Either a b -> Either a b -> Ordering Source # (<) :: Either a b -> Either a b -> Bool Source # (<=) :: Either a b -> Either a b -> Bool Source # (>) :: Either a b -> Either a b -> Bool Source # (>=) :: Either a b -> Either a b -> Bool Source # | |
type Rep1 (Either a :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics type Rep1 (Either a :: Type -> Type) = D1 ('MetaData "Either" "Data.Either" "base" 'False) (C1 ('MetaCons "Left" 'PrefixI 'False) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Nothing :: Maybe Symbol) 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (Rec0 a)) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "Right" 'PrefixI 'False) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Nothing :: Maybe Symbol) 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) Par1)) | |
type Rep (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics type Rep (Either a b) = D1 ('MetaData "Either" "Data.Either" "base" 'False) (C1 ('MetaCons "Left" 'PrefixI 'False) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Nothing :: Maybe Symbol) 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (Rec0 a)) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "Right" 'PrefixI 'False) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Nothing :: Maybe Symbol) 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (Rec0 b))) |
either :: (a -> c) -> (b -> c) -> Either a b -> c Source #
Case analysis for the Either
type.
If the value is
, apply the first function to Left
aa
;
if it is
, apply the second function to Right
bb
.
Examples
We create two values of type
, one using the
Either
String
Int
Left
constructor and another using the Right
constructor. Then
we apply "either" the length
function (if we have a String
)
or the "times-two" function (if we have an Int
):
>>>
let s = Left "foo" :: Either String Int
>>>
let n = Right 3 :: Either String Int
>>>
either length (*2) s
3>>>
either length (*2) n
6
Instances
Data Ordering Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Ordering -> c Ordering Source # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Ordering Source # toConstr :: Ordering -> Constr Source # dataTypeOf :: Ordering -> DataType Source # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Ordering) Source # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Ordering) Source # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Ordering -> Ordering Source # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Ordering -> r Source # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Ordering -> r Source # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Ordering -> [u] Source # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Ordering -> u Source # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Ordering -> m Ordering Source # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Ordering -> m Ordering Source # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Ordering -> m Ordering Source # | |
Monoid Ordering Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Semigroup Ordering Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Bounded Ordering Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Enum Ordering Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Enum Methods succ :: Ordering -> Ordering Source # pred :: Ordering -> Ordering Source # toEnum :: Int -> Ordering Source # fromEnum :: Ordering -> Int Source # enumFrom :: Ordering -> [Ordering] Source # enumFromThen :: Ordering -> Ordering -> [Ordering] Source # enumFromTo :: Ordering -> Ordering -> [Ordering] Source # enumFromThenTo :: Ordering -> Ordering -> Ordering -> [Ordering] Source # | |
Generic Ordering Source # | |
Ix Ordering Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Ix | |
Read Ordering Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Ordering Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Ordering | |
Ord Ordering | |
Defined in GHC.Classes | |
type Rep Ordering Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
The character type Char
is an enumeration whose values represent
Unicode (or equivalently ISO/IEC 10646) code points (i.e. characters, see
http://www.unicode.org/ for details). This set extends the ISO 8859-1
(Latin-1) character set (the first 256 characters), which is itself an extension
of the ASCII character set (the first 128 characters). A character literal in
Haskell has type Char
.
To convert a Char
to or from the corresponding Int
value defined
by Unicode, use toEnum
and fromEnum
from the
Enum
class respectively (or equivalently ord
and
chr
).
Instances
Data Char Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Char -> c Char Source # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Char Source # toConstr :: Char -> Constr Source # dataTypeOf :: Char -> DataType Source # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Char) Source # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Char) Source # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Char -> Char Source # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Char -> r Source # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Char -> r Source # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Char -> [u] Source # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Char -> u Source # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Char -> m Char Source # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Char -> m Char Source # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Char -> m Char Source # | |
Storable Char Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Foreign.Storable Methods sizeOf :: Char -> Int Source # alignment :: Char -> Int Source # peekElemOff :: Ptr Char -> Int -> IO Char Source # pokeElemOff :: Ptr Char -> Int -> Char -> IO () Source # peekByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> IO Char Source # pokeByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> Char -> IO () Source # | |
Bounded Char Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Enum Char Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ix Char Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Char Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Char Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
IsChar Char Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
PrintfArg Char Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Text.Printf | |
Eq Char | |
Ord Char | |
TestCoercion SChar Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.TypeLits | |
TestEquality SChar Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.TypeLits | |
Generic1 (URec Char :: k -> Type) Source # | |
Foldable (UChar :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UChar m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UChar a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UChar a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UChar a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UChar a -> a Source # toList :: UChar a -> [a] Source # null :: UChar a -> Bool Source # length :: UChar a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UChar a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UChar a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UChar a -> a Source # | |
Traversable (UChar :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Char :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Generic (URec Char p) Source # | |
Show (URec Char p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (URec Char p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord (URec Char p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool Source # | |
data URec Char (p :: k) Source # | Used for marking occurrences of Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
type Compare (a :: Char) (b :: Char) Source # | |
Defined in Data.Type.Ord | |
type Rep1 (URec Char :: k -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
type Rep (URec Char p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics |
String
is an alias for a list of characters.
String constants in Haskell are values of type String
.
That means if you write a string literal like "hello world"
,
it will have the type [Char]
, which is the same as String
.
Note: You can ask the compiler to automatically infer different types
with the -XOverloadedStrings
language extension, for example
"hello world" :: Text
. See IsString
for more information.
Because String
is just a list of characters, you can use normal list functions
to do basic string manipulation. See Data.List for operations on lists.
Performance considerations
[Char]
is a relatively memory-inefficient type.
It is a linked list of boxed word-size characters, internally it looks something like:
╭─────┬───┬──╮ ╭─────┬───┬──╮ ╭─────┬───┬──╮ ╭────╮ │ (:) │ │ ─┼─>│ (:) │ │ ─┼─>│ (:) │ │ ─┼─>│ [] │ ╰─────┴─┼─┴──╯ ╰─────┴─┼─┴──╯ ╰─────┴─┼─┴──╯ ╰────╯ v v v 'a' 'b' 'c'
The String
"abc" will use 5*3+1 = 16
(in general 5n+1
)
words of space in memory.
Furthermore, operations like (++)
(string concatenation) are O(n)
(in the left argument).
For historical reasons, the base
library uses String
in a lot of places
for the conceptual simplicity, but library code dealing with user-data
should use the text
package for Unicode text, or the the
bytestring package
for binary data.
Tuples
uncurry :: (a -> b -> c) -> (a, b) -> c Source #
uncurry
converts a curried function to a function on pairs.
Examples
>>>
uncurry (+) (1,2)
3
>>>
uncurry ($) (show, 1)
"1"
>>>
map (uncurry max) [(1,2), (3,4), (6,8)]
[2,4,8]
Basic type classes
The Eq
class defines equality (==
) and inequality (/=
).
All the basic datatypes exported by the Prelude are instances of Eq
,
and Eq
may be derived for any datatype whose constituents are also
instances of Eq
.
The Haskell Report defines no laws for Eq
. However, instances are
encouraged to follow these properties:
Instances
Eq ByteArray Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Eq Constr Source # | Equality of constructors Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Eq ConstrRep Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Eq DataRep Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Eq Fixity Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Eq All Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Any Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq SomeTypeRep Source # | |
Defined in Data.Typeable.Internal Methods (==) :: SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep -> Bool Source # (/=) :: SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep -> Bool Source # | |
Eq Unique Source # | |
Eq Version Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Errno Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq CBool Source # | |
Eq CChar Source # | |
Eq CClock Source # | |
Eq CDouble Source # | |
Eq CFloat Source # | |
Eq CInt Source # | |
Eq CIntMax Source # | |
Eq CIntPtr Source # | |
Eq CLLong Source # | |
Eq CLong Source # | |
Eq CPtrdiff Source # | |
Eq CSChar Source # | |
Eq CSUSeconds Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types Methods (==) :: CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds -> Bool Source # (/=) :: CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds -> Bool Source # | |
Eq CShort Source # | |
Eq CSigAtomic Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types Methods (==) :: CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic -> Bool Source # (/=) :: CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic -> Bool Source # | |
Eq CSize Source # | |
Eq CTime Source # | |
Eq CUChar Source # | |
Eq CUInt Source # | |
Eq CUIntMax Source # | |
Eq CUIntPtr Source # | |
Eq CULLong Source # | |
Eq CULong Source # | |
Eq CUSeconds Source # | |
Eq CUShort Source # | |
Eq CWchar Source # | |
Eq IntPtr Source # | |
Eq WordPtr Source # | |
Eq Void Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Eq ByteOrder Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Eq BlockReason Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Conc.Sync Methods (==) :: BlockReason -> BlockReason -> Bool Source # (/=) :: BlockReason -> BlockReason -> Bool Source # | |
Eq ThreadId Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Eq ThreadStatus Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Conc.Sync Methods (==) :: ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus -> Bool Source # (/=) :: ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus -> Bool Source # | |
Eq Event Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Eq Lifetime Source # | Since: base-4.8.1.0 |
Eq FdKey Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Eq TimeoutKey Source # | |
Defined in GHC.Event.TimeOut Methods (==) :: TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey -> Bool Source # (/=) :: TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey -> Bool Source # | |
Eq ErrorCall Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Eq ArithException Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
Defined in GHC.Exception.Type Methods (==) :: ArithException -> ArithException -> Bool Source # (/=) :: ArithException -> ArithException -> Bool Source # | |
Eq SpecConstrAnnotation Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Exts Methods (==) :: SpecConstrAnnotation -> SpecConstrAnnotation -> Bool Source # (/=) :: SpecConstrAnnotation -> SpecConstrAnnotation -> Bool Source # | |
Eq Fingerprint Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Fingerprint.Type Methods (==) :: Fingerprint -> Fingerprint -> Bool Source # (/=) :: Fingerprint -> Fingerprint -> Bool Source # | |
Eq Associativity Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods (==) :: Associativity -> Associativity -> Bool Source # (/=) :: Associativity -> Associativity -> Bool Source # | |
Eq DecidedStrictness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods (==) :: DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness -> Bool Source # (/=) :: DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness -> Bool Source # | |
Eq Fixity Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Eq SourceStrictness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods (==) :: SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness -> Bool Source # (/=) :: SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness -> Bool Source # | |
Eq SourceUnpackedness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods (==) :: SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness -> Bool Source # (/=) :: SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness -> Bool Source # | |
Eq MaskingState Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO Methods (==) :: MaskingState -> MaskingState -> Bool Source # (/=) :: MaskingState -> MaskingState -> Bool Source # | |
Eq BufferState Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Buffer Methods (==) :: BufferState -> BufferState -> Bool Source # (/=) :: BufferState -> BufferState -> Bool Source # | |
Eq IODeviceType Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Device Methods (==) :: IODeviceType -> IODeviceType -> Bool Source # (/=) :: IODeviceType -> IODeviceType -> Bool Source # | |
Eq SeekMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Eq CodingProgress Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Encoding.Types Methods (==) :: CodingProgress -> CodingProgress -> Bool Source # (/=) :: CodingProgress -> CodingProgress -> Bool Source # | |
Eq ArrayException Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception Methods (==) :: ArrayException -> ArrayException -> Bool Source # (/=) :: ArrayException -> ArrayException -> Bool Source # | |
Eq AsyncException Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception Methods (==) :: AsyncException -> AsyncException -> Bool Source # (/=) :: AsyncException -> AsyncException -> Bool Source # | |
Eq ExitCode Source # | |
Eq IOErrorType Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception Methods (==) :: IOErrorType -> IOErrorType -> Bool Source # (/=) :: IOErrorType -> IOErrorType -> Bool Source # | |
Eq IOException Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception Methods (==) :: IOException -> IOException -> Bool Source # (/=) :: IOException -> IOException -> Bool Source # | |
Eq HandlePosn Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle Methods (==) :: HandlePosn -> HandlePosn -> Bool Source # (/=) :: HandlePosn -> HandlePosn -> Bool Source # | |
Eq BufferMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types Methods (==) :: BufferMode -> BufferMode -> Bool Source # (/=) :: BufferMode -> BufferMode -> Bool Source # | |
Eq Handle Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Eq Newline Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Eq NewlineMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types Methods (==) :: NewlineMode -> NewlineMode -> Bool Source # (/=) :: NewlineMode -> NewlineMode -> Bool Source # | |
Eq IOMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Eq InfoProv Source # | |
Eq Int16 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Int32 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Int64 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Int8 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq IoSubSystem Source # | |
Defined in GHC.RTS.Flags Methods (==) :: IoSubSystem -> IoSubSystem -> Bool Source # (/=) :: IoSubSystem -> IoSubSystem -> Bool Source # | |
Eq StackEntry Source # | |
Defined in GHC.Stack.CloneStack Methods (==) :: StackEntry -> StackEntry -> Bool Source # (/=) :: StackEntry -> StackEntry -> Bool Source # | |
Eq SrcLoc Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq SomeChar Source # | |
Eq SomeSymbol Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.TypeLits Methods (==) :: SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol -> Bool Source # (/=) :: SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol -> Bool Source # | |
Eq SomeNat Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Eq GeneralCategory Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Unicode Methods (==) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool Source # (/=) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool Source # | |
Eq Word16 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Word32 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Word64 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Word8 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq CBlkCnt Source # | |
Eq CBlkSize Source # | |
Eq CCc Source # | |
Eq CClockId Source # | |
Eq CDev Source # | |
Eq CFsBlkCnt Source # | |
Eq CFsFilCnt Source # | |
Eq CGid Source # | |
Eq CId Source # | |
Eq CIno Source # | |
Eq CKey Source # | |
Eq CMode Source # | |
Eq CNfds Source # | |
Eq CNlink Source # | |
Eq COff Source # | |
Eq CPid Source # | |
Eq CRLim Source # | |
Eq CSocklen Source # | |
Eq CSpeed Source # | |
Eq CSsize Source # | |
Eq CTcflag Source # | |
Eq CTimer Source # | |
Eq CUid Source # | |
Eq Fd Source # | |
Eq Timeout Source # | |
Eq Lexeme Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq Number Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Eq BigNat | |
Eq Module | |
Eq Ordering | |
Eq TrName | |
Eq TyCon | |
Eq Integer | |
Eq Natural | |
Eq () | |
Eq Bool | |
Eq Char | |
Eq Double | Note that due to the presence of
Also note that
|
Eq Float | Note that due to the presence of
Also note that
|
Eq Int | |
Eq Word | |
Eq a => Eq (ZipList a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Eq (Chan a) Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Eq (MutableByteArray s) Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Array.Byte Methods (==) :: MutableByteArray s -> MutableByteArray s -> Bool Source # (/=) :: MutableByteArray s -> MutableByteArray s -> Bool Source # | |
Eq a => Eq (And a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Eq a => Eq (Iff a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Eq a => Eq (Ior a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Eq a => Eq (Xor a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Eq a => Eq (Complex a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq a => Eq (Identity a) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Eq a => Eq (First a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq a => Eq (Last a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq a => Eq (Down a) Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Eq a => Eq (First a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq a => Eq (Last a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq a => Eq (Max a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq a => Eq (Min a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq m => Eq (WrappedMonoid m) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods (==) :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> Bool Source # (/=) :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> Bool Source # | |
Eq a => Eq (Dual a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq a => Eq (Product a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq a => Eq (Sum a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq (ConstPtr a) Source # | |
Eq a => Eq (NonEmpty a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (TVar a) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Eq (ForeignPtr a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.ForeignPtr Methods (==) :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> Bool Source # (/=) :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> Bool Source # | |
Eq p => Eq (Par1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Eq (IORef a) Source # | Pointer equality. Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Eq (MVar a) Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Eq (FunPtr a) Source # | |
Eq (Ptr a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq a => Eq (Ratio a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq (StablePtr a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq (StableName a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.StableName Methods (==) :: StableName a -> StableName a -> Bool Source # (/=) :: StableName a -> StableName a -> Bool Source # | |
Eq a => Eq (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq a => Eq (a) | |
Eq a => Eq [a] | |
(Eq a, Eq b) => Eq (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq (Fixed a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq (Proxy s) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Eq a => Eq (Arg a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (TypeRep a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Ix i, Eq e) => Eq (Array i e) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Eq (U1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (V1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (IOArray i e) Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Eq (STRef s a) Source # | Pointer equality. Since: base-2.1 |
(Eq a, Eq b) => Eq (a, b) | |
Eq a => Eq (Const a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (f a) => Eq (Ap f a) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Eq (f a) => Eq (Alt f a) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Eq (Coercion a b) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Eq (a :~: b) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Eq (OrderingI a b) Source # | |
Eq (STArray s i e) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Generic1 f, Eq (Rep1 f a)) => Eq (Generically1 f a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods (==) :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a -> Bool Source # (/=) :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a -> Bool Source # | |
Eq (f p) => Eq (Rec1 f p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Eq (URec (Ptr ()) p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (URec Char p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (URec Double p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (URec Float p) Source # | |
Eq (URec Int p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (URec Word p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c) => Eq (a, b, c) | |
(Eq (f a), Eq (g a)) => Eq (Product f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
(Eq (f a), Eq (g a)) => Eq (Sum f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Eq (a :~~: b) Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
(Eq (f p), Eq (g p)) => Eq ((f :*: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Eq (f p), Eq (g p)) => Eq ((f :+: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Eq c => Eq (K1 i c p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d) => Eq (a, b, c, d) | |
Eq (f (g a)) => Eq (Compose f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Eq (f (g p)) => Eq ((f :.: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Eq (f p) => Eq (M1 i c f p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e) | |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e, Eq f) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e, f) | |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e, Eq f, Eq g) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) | |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e, Eq f, Eq g, Eq h) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) | |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e, Eq f, Eq g, Eq h, Eq i) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) | |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e, Eq f, Eq g, Eq h, Eq i, Eq j) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) | |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e, Eq f, Eq g, Eq h, Eq i, Eq j, Eq k) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) | |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e, Eq f, Eq g, Eq h, Eq i, Eq j, Eq k, Eq l) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) | |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e, Eq f, Eq g, Eq h, Eq i, Eq j, Eq k, Eq l, Eq m) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) | |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e, Eq f, Eq g, Eq h, Eq i, Eq j, Eq k, Eq l, Eq m, Eq n) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) | |
(Eq a, Eq b, Eq c, Eq d, Eq e, Eq f, Eq g, Eq h, Eq i, Eq j, Eq k, Eq l, Eq m, Eq n, Eq o) => Eq (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) | |
class Eq a => Ord a where Source #
The Ord
class is used for totally ordered datatypes.
Instances of Ord
can be derived for any user-defined datatype whose
constituent types are in Ord
. The declared order of the constructors in
the data declaration determines the ordering in derived Ord
instances. The
Ordering
datatype allows a single comparison to determine the precise
ordering of two objects.
Ord
, as defined by the Haskell report, implements a total order and has the
following properties:
- Comparability
x <= y || y <= x
=True
- Transitivity
- if
x <= y && y <= z
=True
, thenx <= z
=True
- Reflexivity
x <= x
=True
- Antisymmetry
- if
x <= y && y <= x
=True
, thenx == y
=True
The following operator interactions are expected to hold:
x >= y
=y <= x
x < y
=x <= y && x /= y
x > y
=y < x
x < y
=compare x y == LT
x > y
=compare x y == GT
x == y
=compare x y == EQ
min x y == if x <= y then x else y
=True
max x y == if x >= y then x else y
=True
Note that (7.) and (8.) do not require min
and max
to return either of
their arguments. The result is merely required to equal one of the
arguments in terms of (==)
.
Minimal complete definition: either compare
or <=
.
Using compare
can be more efficient for complex types.
Methods
compare :: a -> a -> Ordering Source #
(<) :: a -> a -> Bool infix 4 Source #
(<=) :: a -> a -> Bool infix 4 Source #
(>) :: a -> a -> Bool infix 4 Source #
Instances
Ord ByteArray Source # | Non-lexicographic ordering. This compares the lengths of the byte arrays first and uses a lexicographic ordering if the lengths are equal. Subject to change between major versions. Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Array.Byte | |
Ord All Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord Any Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord SomeTypeRep Source # | |
Defined in Data.Typeable.Internal Methods compare :: SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep -> Ordering Source # (<) :: SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep -> Bool Source # (<=) :: SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep -> Bool Source # (>) :: SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep -> Bool Source # (>=) :: SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep -> Bool Source # max :: SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep Source # min :: SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep -> SomeTypeRep Source # | |
Ord Unique Source # | |
Ord Version Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord CBool Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Ord CChar Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Ord CClock Source # | |
Ord CDouble Source # | |
Ord CFloat Source # | |
Ord CInt Source # | |
Ord CIntMax Source # | |
Ord CIntPtr Source # | |
Ord CLLong Source # | |
Ord CLong Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Ord CPtrdiff Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Ord CSChar Source # | |
Ord CSUSeconds Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types Methods compare :: CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds -> Ordering Source # (<) :: CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds -> Bool Source # (<=) :: CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds -> Bool Source # (>) :: CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds -> Bool Source # (>=) :: CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds -> Bool Source # max :: CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds Source # min :: CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds -> CSUSeconds Source # | |
Ord CShort Source # | |
Ord CSigAtomic Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types Methods compare :: CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic -> Ordering Source # (<) :: CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic -> Bool Source # (<=) :: CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic -> Bool Source # (>) :: CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic -> Bool Source # (>=) :: CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic -> Bool Source # max :: CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic Source # min :: CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic -> CSigAtomic Source # | |
Ord CSize Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Ord CTime Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Ord CUChar Source # | |
Ord CUInt Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Ord CUIntMax Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Ord CUIntPtr Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Ord CULLong Source # | |
Ord CULong Source # | |
Ord CUSeconds Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Ord CUShort Source # | |
Ord CWchar Source # | |
Ord IntPtr Source # | |
Ord WordPtr Source # | |
Ord Void Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Ord ByteOrder Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.ByteOrder | |
Ord BlockReason Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Conc.Sync Methods compare :: BlockReason -> BlockReason -> Ordering Source # (<) :: BlockReason -> BlockReason -> Bool Source # (<=) :: BlockReason -> BlockReason -> Bool Source # (>) :: BlockReason -> BlockReason -> Bool Source # (>=) :: BlockReason -> BlockReason -> Bool Source # max :: BlockReason -> BlockReason -> BlockReason Source # min :: BlockReason -> BlockReason -> BlockReason Source # | |
Ord ThreadId Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Conc.Sync | |
Ord ThreadStatus Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Conc.Sync Methods compare :: ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus -> Ordering Source # (<) :: ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus -> Bool Source # (<=) :: ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus -> Bool Source # (>) :: ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus -> Bool Source # (>=) :: ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus -> Bool Source # max :: ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus Source # min :: ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus -> ThreadStatus Source # | |
Ord TimeoutKey Source # | |
Defined in GHC.Event.TimeOut Methods compare :: TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey -> Ordering Source # (<) :: TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey -> Bool Source # (<=) :: TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey -> Bool Source # (>) :: TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey -> Bool Source # (>=) :: TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey -> Bool Source # max :: TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey Source # min :: TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey -> TimeoutKey Source # | |
Ord ErrorCall Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Exception | |
Ord ArithException Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
Defined in GHC.Exception.Type Methods compare :: ArithException -> ArithException -> Ordering Source # (<) :: ArithException -> ArithException -> Bool Source # (<=) :: ArithException -> ArithException -> Bool Source # (>) :: ArithException -> ArithException -> Bool Source # (>=) :: ArithException -> ArithException -> Bool Source # max :: ArithException -> ArithException -> ArithException Source # min :: ArithException -> ArithException -> ArithException Source # | |
Ord Fingerprint Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Fingerprint.Type Methods compare :: Fingerprint -> Fingerprint -> Ordering Source # (<) :: Fingerprint -> Fingerprint -> Bool Source # (<=) :: Fingerprint -> Fingerprint -> Bool Source # (>) :: Fingerprint -> Fingerprint -> Bool Source # (>=) :: Fingerprint -> Fingerprint -> Bool Source # max :: Fingerprint -> Fingerprint -> Fingerprint Source # min :: Fingerprint -> Fingerprint -> Fingerprint Source # | |
Ord Associativity Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: Associativity -> Associativity -> Ordering Source # (<) :: Associativity -> Associativity -> Bool Source # (<=) :: Associativity -> Associativity -> Bool Source # (>) :: Associativity -> Associativity -> Bool Source # (>=) :: Associativity -> Associativity -> Bool Source # max :: Associativity -> Associativity -> Associativity Source # min :: Associativity -> Associativity -> Associativity Source # | |
Ord DecidedStrictness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness -> Ordering Source # (<) :: DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness -> Bool Source # (<=) :: DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness -> Bool Source # (>) :: DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness -> Bool Source # (>=) :: DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness -> Bool Source # max :: DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness Source # min :: DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness -> DecidedStrictness Source # | |
Ord Fixity Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Ord SourceStrictness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness -> Ordering Source # (<) :: SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness -> Bool Source # (<=) :: SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness -> Bool Source # (>) :: SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness -> Bool Source # (>=) :: SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness -> Bool Source # max :: SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness Source # min :: SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness -> SourceStrictness Source # | |
Ord SourceUnpackedness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness -> Ordering Source # (<) :: SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness -> Bool Source # (<=) :: SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness -> Bool Source # (>) :: SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness -> Bool Source # (>=) :: SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness -> Bool Source # max :: SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness Source # min :: SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness -> SourceUnpackedness Source # | |
Ord SeekMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Device | |
Ord ArrayException Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception Methods compare :: ArrayException -> ArrayException -> Ordering Source # (<) :: ArrayException -> ArrayException -> Bool Source # (<=) :: ArrayException -> ArrayException -> Bool Source # (>) :: ArrayException -> ArrayException -> Bool Source # (>=) :: ArrayException -> ArrayException -> Bool Source # max :: ArrayException -> ArrayException -> ArrayException Source # min :: ArrayException -> ArrayException -> ArrayException Source # | |
Ord AsyncException Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception Methods compare :: AsyncException -> AsyncException -> Ordering Source # (<) :: AsyncException -> AsyncException -> Bool Source # (<=) :: AsyncException -> AsyncException -> Bool Source # (>) :: AsyncException -> AsyncException -> Bool Source # (>=) :: AsyncException -> AsyncException -> Bool Source # max :: AsyncException -> AsyncException -> AsyncException Source # min :: AsyncException -> AsyncException -> AsyncException Source # | |
Ord ExitCode Source # | |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Ord BufferMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types Methods compare :: BufferMode -> BufferMode -> Ordering Source # (<) :: BufferMode -> BufferMode -> Bool Source # (<=) :: BufferMode -> BufferMode -> Bool Source # (>) :: BufferMode -> BufferMode -> Bool Source # (>=) :: BufferMode -> BufferMode -> Bool Source # max :: BufferMode -> BufferMode -> BufferMode Source # min :: BufferMode -> BufferMode -> BufferMode Source # | |
Ord Newline Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types | |
Ord NewlineMode Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types Methods compare :: NewlineMode -> NewlineMode -> Ordering Source # (<) :: NewlineMode -> NewlineMode -> Bool Source # (<=) :: NewlineMode -> NewlineMode -> Bool Source # (>) :: NewlineMode -> NewlineMode -> Bool Source # (>=) :: NewlineMode -> NewlineMode -> Bool Source # max :: NewlineMode -> NewlineMode -> NewlineMode Source # min :: NewlineMode -> NewlineMode -> NewlineMode Source # | |
Ord IOMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Ord Int16 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Int | |
Ord Int32 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Int | |
Ord Int64 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Int | |
Ord Int8 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord SomeChar Source # | |
Defined in GHC.TypeLits | |
Ord SomeSymbol Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.TypeLits Methods compare :: SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol -> Ordering Source # (<) :: SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol -> Bool Source # (<=) :: SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol -> Bool Source # (>) :: SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol -> Bool Source # (>=) :: SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol -> Bool Source # max :: SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol Source # min :: SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol -> SomeSymbol Source # | |
Ord SomeNat Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Ord GeneralCategory Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Unicode Methods compare :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Ordering Source # (<) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool Source # (<=) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool Source # (>) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool Source # (>=) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool Source # max :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory Source # min :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory Source # | |
Ord Word16 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord Word32 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord Word64 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord Word8 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Word | |
Ord CBlkCnt Source # | |
Defined in System.Posix.Types | |
Ord CBlkSize Source # | |
Defined in System.Posix.Types | |
Ord CCc Source # | |
Ord CClockId Source # | |
Defined in System.Posix.Types | |
Ord CDev Source # | |
Ord CFsBlkCnt Source # | |
Defined in System.Posix.Types | |
Ord CFsFilCnt Source # | |
Defined in System.Posix.Types | |
Ord CGid Source # | |
Ord CId Source # | |
Ord CIno Source # | |
Ord CKey Source # | |
Ord CMode Source # | |
Defined in System.Posix.Types | |
Ord CNfds Source # | |
Defined in System.Posix.Types | |
Ord CNlink Source # | |
Ord COff Source # | |
Ord CPid Source # | |
Ord CRLim Source # | |
Defined in System.Posix.Types | |
Ord CSocklen Source # | |
Defined in System.Posix.Types | |
Ord CSpeed Source # | |
Ord CSsize Source # | |
Ord CTcflag Source # | |
Defined in System.Posix.Types | |
Ord CTimer Source # | |
Ord CUid Source # | |
Ord Fd Source # | |
Ord BigNat | |
Ord Ordering | |
Defined in GHC.Classes | |
Ord TyCon | |
Defined in GHC.Classes | |
Ord Integer | |
Ord Natural | |
Ord () | |
Ord Bool | |
Ord Char | |
Ord Double | Note that due to the presence of
Also note that, due to the same,
|
Ord Float | Note that due to the presence of
Also note that, due to the same,
|
Defined in GHC.Classes | |
Ord Int | |
Ord Word | |
Ord a => Ord (ZipList a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Control.Applicative | |
Ord a => Ord (Identity a) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Identity Methods compare :: Identity a -> Identity a -> Ordering Source # (<) :: Identity a -> Identity a -> Bool Source # (<=) :: Identity a -> Identity a -> Bool Source # (>) :: Identity a -> Identity a -> Bool Source # (>=) :: Identity a -> Identity a -> Bool Source # | |
Ord a => Ord (First a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord a => Ord (Last a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord a => Ord (Down a) Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Ord a => Ord (First a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord a => Ord (Last a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord a => Ord (Max a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup | |
Ord a => Ord (Min a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup | |
Ord m => Ord (WrappedMonoid m) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods compare :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> Ordering Source # (<) :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> Bool Source # (<=) :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> Bool Source # (>) :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> Bool Source # (>=) :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> Bool Source # max :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m Source # min :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m Source # | |
Ord a => Ord (Dual a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord a => Ord (Product a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal | |
Ord a => Ord (Sum a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal | |
Ord (ConstPtr a) Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.ConstPtr Methods compare :: ConstPtr a -> ConstPtr a -> Ordering Source # (<) :: ConstPtr a -> ConstPtr a -> Bool Source # (<=) :: ConstPtr a -> ConstPtr a -> Bool Source # (>) :: ConstPtr a -> ConstPtr a -> Bool Source # (>=) :: ConstPtr a -> ConstPtr a -> Bool Source # | |
Ord a => Ord (NonEmpty a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Base Methods compare :: NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty a -> Ordering Source # (<) :: NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty a -> Bool Source # (<=) :: NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty a -> Bool Source # (>) :: NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty a -> Bool Source # (>=) :: NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty a -> Bool Source # | |
Ord (ForeignPtr a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.ForeignPtr Methods compare :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> Ordering Source # (<) :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> Bool Source # (<=) :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> Bool Source # (>) :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> Bool Source # (>=) :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> Bool Source # max :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a Source # min :: ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a -> ForeignPtr a Source # | |
Ord p => Ord (Par1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Ord (FunPtr a) Source # | |
Defined in GHC.Ptr | |
Ord (Ptr a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Ptr | |
Integral a => Ord (Ratio a) Source # | Since: base-2.0.1 |
Ord a => Ord (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord a => Ord (a) | |
Ord a => Ord [a] | |
(Ord a, Ord b) => Ord (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Data.Either Methods compare :: Either a b -> Either a b -> Ordering Source # (<) :: Either a b -> Either a b -> Bool Source # (<=) :: Either a b -> Either a b -> Bool Source # (>) :: Either a b -> Either a b -> Bool Source # (>=) :: Either a b -> Either a b -> Bool Source # | |
Ord (Fixed a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ord (Proxy s) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Ord a => Ord (Arg a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord (TypeRep a) Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Typeable.Internal | |
(Ix i, Ord e) => Ord (Array i e) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Arr | |
Ord (U1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Ord (V1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Ord a, Ord b) => Ord (a, b) | |
Ord a => Ord (Const a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Const | |
Ord (f a) => Ord (Ap f a) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Ord (f a) => Ord (Alt f a) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal | |
Ord (Coercion a b) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Type.Coercion Methods compare :: Coercion a b -> Coercion a b -> Ordering Source # (<) :: Coercion a b -> Coercion a b -> Bool Source # (<=) :: Coercion a b -> Coercion a b -> Bool Source # (>) :: Coercion a b -> Coercion a b -> Bool Source # (>=) :: Coercion a b -> Coercion a b -> Bool Source # max :: Coercion a b -> Coercion a b -> Coercion a b Source # min :: Coercion a b -> Coercion a b -> Coercion a b Source # | |
Ord (a :~: b) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Type.Equality | |
(Generic1 f, Ord (Rep1 f a)) => Ord (Generically1 f a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a -> Ordering Source # (<) :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a -> Bool Source # (<=) :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a -> Bool Source # (>) :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a -> Bool Source # (>=) :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a -> Bool Source # max :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a Source # min :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f a Source # | |
Ord (f p) => Ord (Rec1 f p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Ord (URec (Ptr ()) p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec (Ptr ()) p -> URec (Ptr ()) p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec (Ptr ()) p -> URec (Ptr ()) p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec (Ptr ()) p -> URec (Ptr ()) p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec (Ptr ()) p -> URec (Ptr ()) p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec (Ptr ()) p -> URec (Ptr ()) p -> Bool Source # max :: URec (Ptr ()) p -> URec (Ptr ()) p -> URec (Ptr ()) p Source # min :: URec (Ptr ()) p -> URec (Ptr ()) p -> URec (Ptr ()) p Source # | |
Ord (URec Char p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool Source # | |
Ord (URec Double p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> Bool Source # max :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> URec Double p Source # min :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> URec Double p Source # | |
Ord (URec Float p) Source # | |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> Bool Source # max :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> URec Float p Source # min :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> URec Float p Source # | |
Ord (URec Int p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Int p -> URec Int p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec Int p -> URec Int p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec Int p -> URec Int p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec Int p -> URec Int p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec Int p -> URec Int p -> Bool Source # | |
Ord (URec Word p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Word p -> URec Word p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec Word p -> URec Word p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec Word p -> URec Word p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec Word p -> URec Word p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec Word p -> URec Word p -> Bool Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c) => Ord (a, b, c) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes | |
(Ord (f a), Ord (g a)) => Ord (Product f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Product Methods compare :: Product f g a -> Product f g a -> Ordering Source # (<) :: Product f g a -> Product f g a -> Bool Source # (<=) :: Product f g a -> Product f g a -> Bool Source # (>) :: Product f g a -> Product f g a -> Bool Source # (>=) :: Product f g a -> Product f g a -> Bool Source # max :: Product f g a -> Product f g a -> Product f g a Source # min :: Product f g a -> Product f g a -> Product f g a Source # | |
(Ord (f a), Ord (g a)) => Ord (Sum f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Sum | |
Ord (a :~~: b) Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Type.Equality Methods compare :: (a :~~: b) -> (a :~~: b) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a :~~: b) -> (a :~~: b) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a :~~: b) -> (a :~~: b) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a :~~: b) -> (a :~~: b) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a :~~: b) -> (a :~~: b) -> Bool Source # | |
(Ord (f p), Ord (g p)) => Ord ((f :*: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: (f :*: g) p -> (f :*: g) p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (f :*: g) p -> (f :*: g) p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (f :*: g) p -> (f :*: g) p -> Bool Source # (>) :: (f :*: g) p -> (f :*: g) p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (f :*: g) p -> (f :*: g) p -> Bool Source # | |
(Ord (f p), Ord (g p)) => Ord ((f :+: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: (f :+: g) p -> (f :+: g) p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (f :+: g) p -> (f :+: g) p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (f :+: g) p -> (f :+: g) p -> Bool Source # (>) :: (f :+: g) p -> (f :+: g) p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (f :+: g) p -> (f :+: g) p -> Bool Source # | |
Ord c => Ord (K1 i c p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d) => Ord (a, b, c, d) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) -> (a, b, c, d) Source # | |
Ord (f (g a)) => Ord (Compose f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Compose Methods compare :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g a -> Ordering Source # (<) :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g a -> Bool Source # (<=) :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g a -> Bool Source # (>) :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g a -> Bool Source # (>=) :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g a -> Bool Source # max :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g a -> Compose f g a Source # min :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g a -> Compose f g a Source # | |
Ord (f (g p)) => Ord ((f :.: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: (f :.: g) p -> (f :.: g) p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (f :.: g) p -> (f :.: g) p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (f :.: g) p -> (f :.: g) p -> Bool Source # (>) :: (f :.: g) p -> (f :.: g) p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (f :.: g) p -> (f :.: g) p -> Bool Source # | |
Ord (f p) => Ord (M1 i c f p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: M1 i c f p -> M1 i c f p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: M1 i c f p -> M1 i c f p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: M1 i c f p -> M1 i c f p -> Bool Source # (>) :: M1 i c f p -> M1 i c f p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: M1 i c f p -> M1 i c f p -> Bool Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) -> (a, b, c, d, e) Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e, Ord f) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e, f) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f) Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e, Ord f, Ord g) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e, Ord f, Ord g, Ord h) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e, Ord f, Ord g, Ord h, Ord i) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e, Ord f, Ord g, Ord h, Ord i, Ord j) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e, Ord f, Ord g, Ord h, Ord i, Ord j, Ord k) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e, Ord f, Ord g, Ord h, Ord i, Ord j, Ord k, Ord l) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e, Ord f, Ord g, Ord h, Ord i, Ord j, Ord k, Ord l, Ord m) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e, Ord f, Ord g, Ord h, Ord i, Ord j, Ord k, Ord l, Ord m, Ord n) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) Source # | |
(Ord a, Ord b, Ord c, Ord d, Ord e, Ord f, Ord g, Ord h, Ord i, Ord j, Ord k, Ord l, Ord m, Ord n, Ord o) => Ord (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) | |
Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> Ordering Source # (<) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> Bool Source # (<=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> Bool Source # (>) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> Bool Source # (>=) :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> Bool Source # max :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) Source # min :: (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) Source # |
Class Enum
defines operations on sequentially ordered types.
The enumFrom
... methods are used in Haskell's translation of
arithmetic sequences.
Instances of Enum
may be derived for any enumeration type (types
whose constructors have no fields). The nullary constructors are
assumed to be numbered left-to-right by fromEnum
from 0
through n-1
.
See Chapter 10 of the Haskell Report for more details.
For any type that is an instance of class Bounded
as well as Enum
,
the following should hold:
- The calls
andsucc
maxBound
should result in a runtime error.pred
minBound
fromEnum
andtoEnum
should give a runtime error if the result value is not representable in the result type. For example,
is an error.toEnum
7 ::Bool
enumFrom
andenumFromThen
should be defined with an implicit bound, thus:
enumFrom x = enumFromTo x maxBound enumFromThen x y = enumFromThenTo x y bound where bound | fromEnum y >= fromEnum x = maxBound | otherwise = minBound
Methods
the successor of a value. For numeric types, succ
adds 1.
the predecessor of a value. For numeric types, pred
subtracts 1.
Convert from an Int
.
Convert to an Int
.
It is implementation-dependent what fromEnum
returns when
applied to a value that is too large to fit in an Int
.
Used in Haskell's translation of [n..]
with [n..] = enumFrom n
,
a possible implementation being enumFrom n = n : enumFrom (succ n)
.
For example:
enumFrom 4 :: [Integer] = [4,5,6,7,...]
enumFrom 6 :: [Int] = [6,7,8,9,...,maxBound :: Int]
enumFromThen :: a -> a -> [a] Source #
Used in Haskell's translation of [n,n'..]
with [n,n'..] = enumFromThen n n'
, a possible implementation being
enumFromThen n n' = n : n' : worker (f x) (f x n')
,
worker s v = v : worker s (s v)
, x = fromEnum n' - fromEnum n
and
f n y
| n > 0 = f (n - 1) (succ y)
| n < 0 = f (n + 1) (pred y)
| otherwise = y
For example:
enumFromThen 4 6 :: [Integer] = [4,6,8,10...]
enumFromThen 6 2 :: [Int] = [6,2,-2,-6,...,minBound :: Int]
enumFromTo :: a -> a -> [a] Source #
Used in Haskell's translation of [n..m]
with
[n..m] = enumFromTo n m
, a possible implementation being
enumFromTo n m
| n <= m = n : enumFromTo (succ n) m
| otherwise = []
.
For example:
enumFromTo 6 10 :: [Int] = [6,7,8,9,10]
enumFromTo 42 1 :: [Integer] = []
enumFromThenTo :: a -> a -> a -> [a] Source #
Used in Haskell's translation of [n,n'..m]
with
[n,n'..m] = enumFromThenTo n n' m
, a possible implementation
being enumFromThenTo n n' m = worker (f x) (c x) n m
,
x = fromEnum n' - fromEnum n
, c x = bool (>=) ((x 0)
f n y
| n > 0 = f (n - 1) (succ y)
| n < 0 = f (n + 1) (pred y)
| otherwise = y
and
worker s c v m
| c v m = v : worker s c (s v) m
| otherwise = []
For example:
enumFromThenTo 4 2 -6 :: [Integer] = [4,2,0,-2,-4,-6]
enumFromThenTo 6 8 2 :: [Int] = []
Instances
class Bounded a where Source #
The Bounded
class is used to name the upper and lower limits of a
type. Ord
is not a superclass of Bounded
since types that are not
totally ordered may also have upper and lower bounds.
The Bounded
class may be derived for any enumeration type;
minBound
is the first constructor listed in the data
declaration
and maxBound
is the last.
Bounded
may also be derived for single-constructor datatypes whose
constituent types are in Bounded
.
Instances
Numbers
Numeric types
A fixed-precision integer type with at least the range [-2^29 .. 2^29-1]
.
The exact range for a given implementation can be determined by using
minBound
and maxBound
from the Bounded
class.
Instances
Data Int Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Int -> c Int Source # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Int Source # toConstr :: Int -> Constr Source # dataTypeOf :: Int -> DataType Source # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Int) Source # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Int) Source # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Int -> Int Source # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Int -> r Source # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Int -> r Source # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Int -> [u] Source # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Int -> u Source # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Int -> m Int Source # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Int -> m Int Source # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Int -> m Int Source # | |
Storable Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Foreign.Storable | |
Bits Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Bits Methods (.&.) :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # (.|.) :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # xor :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # complement :: Int -> Int Source # shift :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # rotate :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # setBit :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # clearBit :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # complementBit :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # testBit :: Int -> Int -> Bool Source # bitSizeMaybe :: Int -> Maybe Int Source # bitSize :: Int -> Int Source # isSigned :: Int -> Bool Source # shiftL :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # unsafeShiftL :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # shiftR :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # unsafeShiftR :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # rotateL :: Int -> Int -> Int Source # | |
FiniteBits Int Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Bounded Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Enum Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Enum | |
Ix Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Num Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Integral Int Source # | Since: base-2.0.1 |
Real Int Source # | Since: base-2.0.1 |
Show Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
PrintfArg Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Text.Printf | |
Eq Int | |
Ord Int | |
Generic1 (URec Int :: k -> Type) Source # | |
Foldable (UInt :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UInt m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UInt a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UInt a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UInt a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UInt a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UInt a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UInt a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UInt a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UInt a -> a Source # toList :: UInt a -> [a] Source # null :: UInt a -> Bool Source # length :: UInt a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UInt a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UInt a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UInt a -> a Source # | |
Traversable (UInt :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Int :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Generic (URec Int p) Source # | |
Show (URec Int p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (URec Int p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord (URec Int p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Int p -> URec Int p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec Int p -> URec Int p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec Int p -> URec Int p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec Int p -> URec Int p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec Int p -> URec Int p -> Bool Source # | |
data URec Int (p :: k) Source # | Used for marking occurrences of Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
type Rep1 (URec Int :: k -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
type Rep (URec Int p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics |
Arbitrary precision integers. In contrast with fixed-size integral types
such as Int
, the Integer
type represents the entire infinite range of
integers.
Integers are stored in a kind of sign-magnitude form, hence do not expect two's complement form when using bit operations.
If the value is small (fit into an Int
), IS
constructor is used.
Otherwise Integer
and IN
constructors are used to store a BigNat
representing respectively the positive or the negative value magnitude.
Invariant: Integer
and IN
are used iff value doesn't fit in IS
Instances
Single-precision floating point numbers. It is desirable that this type be at least equal in range and precision to the IEEE single-precision type.
Instances
Data Float Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Float -> c Float Source # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Float Source # toConstr :: Float -> Constr Source # dataTypeOf :: Float -> DataType Source # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Float) Source # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Float) Source # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Float -> Float Source # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Float -> r Source # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Float -> r Source # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Float -> [u] Source # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Float -> u Source # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Float -> m Float Source # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Float -> m Float Source # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Float -> m Float Source # | |
Storable Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Foreign.Storable Methods sizeOf :: Float -> Int Source # alignment :: Float -> Int Source # peekElemOff :: Ptr Float -> Int -> IO Float Source # pokeElemOff :: Ptr Float -> Int -> Float -> IO () Source # peekByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> IO Float Source # pokeByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> Float -> IO () Source # | |
Enum Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Float Methods succ :: Float -> Float Source # pred :: Float -> Float Source # toEnum :: Int -> Float Source # fromEnum :: Float -> Int Source # enumFrom :: Float -> [Float] Source # enumFromThen :: Float -> Float -> [Float] Source # enumFromTo :: Float -> Float -> [Float] Source # enumFromThenTo :: Float -> Float -> Float -> [Float] Source # | |
Floating Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Float Methods exp :: Float -> Float Source # log :: Float -> Float Source # sqrt :: Float -> Float Source # (**) :: Float -> Float -> Float Source # logBase :: Float -> Float -> Float Source # sin :: Float -> Float Source # cos :: Float -> Float Source # tan :: Float -> Float Source # asin :: Float -> Float Source # acos :: Float -> Float Source # atan :: Float -> Float Source # sinh :: Float -> Float Source # cosh :: Float -> Float Source # tanh :: Float -> Float Source # asinh :: Float -> Float Source # acosh :: Float -> Float Source # atanh :: Float -> Float Source # log1p :: Float -> Float Source # expm1 :: Float -> Float Source # | |
RealFloat Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Float Methods floatRadix :: Float -> Integer Source # floatDigits :: Float -> Int Source # floatRange :: Float -> (Int, Int) Source # decodeFloat :: Float -> (Integer, Int) Source # encodeFloat :: Integer -> Int -> Float Source # exponent :: Float -> Int Source # significand :: Float -> Float Source # scaleFloat :: Int -> Float -> Float Source # isNaN :: Float -> Bool Source # isInfinite :: Float -> Bool Source # isDenormalized :: Float -> Bool Source # isNegativeZero :: Float -> Bool Source # | |
Num Float Source # | Note that due to the presence of
Also note that due to the presence of -0,
Since: base-2.1 |
Read Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Fractional Float Source # | Note that due to the presence of
Additionally, because of Since: base-2.1 |
Real Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
RealFrac Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
PrintfArg Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Text.Printf | |
Eq Float | Note that due to the presence of
Also note that
|
Ord Float | Note that due to the presence of
Also note that, due to the same,
|
Defined in GHC.Classes | |
Generic1 (URec Float :: k -> Type) Source # | |
Foldable (UFloat :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UFloat m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UFloat a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UFloat a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UFloat a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UFloat a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UFloat a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UFloat a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UFloat a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UFloat a -> a Source # toList :: UFloat a -> [a] Source # null :: UFloat a -> Bool Source # length :: UFloat a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UFloat a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UFloat a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UFloat a -> a Source # | |
Traversable (UFloat :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Functor (URec Float :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Generic (URec Float p) Source # | |
Show (URec Float p) Source # | |
Eq (URec Float p) Source # | |
Ord (URec Float p) Source # | |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> Bool Source # max :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> URec Float p Source # min :: URec Float p -> URec Float p -> URec Float p Source # | |
data URec Float (p :: k) Source # | Used for marking occurrences of Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
type Rep1 (URec Float :: k -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
type Rep (URec Float p) Source # | |
Defined in GHC.Generics |
Double-precision floating point numbers. It is desirable that this type be at least equal in range and precision to the IEEE double-precision type.
Instances
Data Double Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Double -> c Double Source # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Double Source # toConstr :: Double -> Constr Source # dataTypeOf :: Double -> DataType Source # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Double) Source # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Double) Source # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Double -> Double Source # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Double -> r Source # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Double -> r Source # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Double -> [u] Source # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Double -> u Source # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Double -> m Double Source # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Double -> m Double Source # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Double -> m Double Source # | |
Storable Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Foreign.Storable Methods sizeOf :: Double -> Int Source # alignment :: Double -> Int Source # peekElemOff :: Ptr Double -> Int -> IO Double Source # pokeElemOff :: Ptr Double -> Int -> Double -> IO () Source # peekByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> IO Double Source # pokeByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> Double -> IO () Source # | |
Enum Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Float Methods succ :: Double -> Double Source # pred :: Double -> Double Source # toEnum :: Int -> Double Source # fromEnum :: Double -> Int Source # enumFrom :: Double -> [Double] Source # enumFromThen :: Double -> Double -> [Double] Source # enumFromTo :: Double -> Double -> [Double] Source # enumFromThenTo :: Double -> Double -> Double -> [Double] Source # | |
Floating Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Float Methods exp :: Double -> Double Source # log :: Double -> Double Source # sqrt :: Double -> Double Source # (**) :: Double -> Double -> Double Source # logBase :: Double -> Double -> Double Source # sin :: Double -> Double Source # cos :: Double -> Double Source # tan :: Double -> Double Source # asin :: Double -> Double Source # acos :: Double -> Double Source # atan :: Double -> Double Source # sinh :: Double -> Double Source # cosh :: Double -> Double Source # tanh :: Double -> Double Source # asinh :: Double -> Double Source # acosh :: Double -> Double Source # atanh :: Double -> Double Source # log1p :: Double -> Double Source # expm1 :: Double -> Double Source # | |
RealFloat Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Float Methods floatRadix :: Double -> Integer Source # floatDigits :: Double -> Int Source # floatRange :: Double -> (Int, Int) Source # decodeFloat :: Double -> (Integer, Int) Source # encodeFloat :: Integer -> Int -> Double Source # exponent :: Double -> Int Source # significand :: Double -> Double Source # scaleFloat :: Int -> Double -> Double Source # isNaN :: Double -> Bool Source # isInfinite :: Double -> Bool Source # isDenormalized :: Double -> Bool Source # isNegativeZero :: Double -> Bool Source # | |
Num Double Source # | Note that due to the presence of
Also note that due to the presence of -0,
Since: base-2.1 |
Read Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Fractional Double Source # | Note that due to the presence of
Additionally, because of Since: base-2.1 |
Real Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
RealFrac Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
PrintfArg Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Text.Printf Methods formatArg :: Double -> FieldFormatter Source # parseFormat :: Double -> ModifierParser Source # | |
Eq Double | Note that due to the presence of
Also note that
|
Ord Double | Note that due to the presence of
Also note that, due to the same,
|
Generic1 (URec Double :: k -> Type) Source # | |
Foldable (UDouble :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UDouble m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UDouble a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UDouble a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UDouble a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UDouble a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UDouble a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UDouble a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UDouble a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UDouble a -> a Source # toList :: UDouble a -> [a] Source # null :: UDouble a -> Bool Source # length :: UDouble a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UDouble a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UDouble a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UDouble a -> a Source # | |
Traversable (UDouble :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Functor (URec Double :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Generic (URec Double p) Source # | |
Show (URec Double p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (URec Double p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord (URec Double p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> Bool Source # max :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> URec Double p Source # min :: URec Double p -> URec Double p -> URec Double p Source # | |
data URec Double (p :: k) Source # | Used for marking occurrences of Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
type Rep1 (URec Double :: k -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
type Rep (URec Double p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics |
Instances
Data Word Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Word -> c Word Source # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Word Source # toConstr :: Word -> Constr Source # dataTypeOf :: Word -> DataType Source # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Word) Source # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Word) Source # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Word -> Word Source # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Word -> r Source # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Word -> r Source # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Word -> [u] Source # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Word -> u Source # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Word -> m Word Source # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Word -> m Word Source # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Word -> m Word Source # | |
Storable Word Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Foreign.Storable Methods sizeOf :: Word -> Int Source # alignment :: Word -> Int Source # peekElemOff :: Ptr Word -> Int -> IO Word Source # pokeElemOff :: Ptr Word -> Int -> Word -> IO () Source # peekByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> IO Word Source # pokeByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> Word -> IO () Source # | |
Bits Word Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Bits Methods (.&.) :: Word -> Word -> Word Source # (.|.) :: Word -> Word -> Word Source # xor :: Word -> Word -> Word Source # complement :: Word -> Word Source # shift :: Word -> Int -> Word Source # rotate :: Word -> Int -> Word Source # setBit :: Word -> Int -> Word Source # clearBit :: Word -> Int -> Word Source # complementBit :: Word -> Int -> Word Source # testBit :: Word -> Int -> Bool Source # bitSizeMaybe :: Word -> Maybe Int Source # bitSize :: Word -> Int Source # isSigned :: Word -> Bool Source # shiftL :: Word -> Int -> Word Source # unsafeShiftL :: Word -> Int -> Word Source # shiftR :: Word -> Int -> Word Source # unsafeShiftR :: Word -> Int -> Word Source # rotateL :: Word -> Int -> Word Source # | |
FiniteBits Word Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Bounded Word Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Enum Word Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Ix Word Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Num Word Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Word Source # | Since: base-4.5.0.0 |
Integral Word Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Real | |
Real Word Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Word Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
PrintfArg Word Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Text.Printf | |
Eq Word | |
Ord Word | |
Generic1 (URec Word :: k -> Type) Source # | |
Foldable (UWord :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UWord m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UWord a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UWord a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UWord a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UWord a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UWord a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UWord a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UWord a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UWord a -> a Source # toList :: UWord a -> [a] Source # null :: UWord a -> Bool Source # length :: UWord a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UWord a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UWord a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UWord a -> a Source # | |
Traversable (UWord :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Word :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Generic (URec Word p) Source # | |
Show (URec Word p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Eq (URec Word p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord (URec Word p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Word p -> URec Word p -> Ordering Source # (<) :: URec Word p -> URec Word p -> Bool Source # (<=) :: URec Word p -> URec Word p -> Bool Source # (>) :: URec Word p -> URec Word p -> Bool Source # (>=) :: URec Word p -> URec Word p -> Bool Source # | |
data URec Word (p :: k) Source # | Used for marking occurrences of Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
type Rep1 (URec Word :: k -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
type Rep (URec Word p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics |
Numeric type classes
Basic numeric class.
The Haskell Report defines no laws for Num
. However, (
and +
)(
are
customarily expected to define a ring and have the following properties:*
)
- Associativity of
(
+
) (x + y) + z
=x + (y + z)
- Commutativity of
(
+
) x + y
=y + x
is the additive identityfromInteger
0x + fromInteger 0
=x
negate
gives the additive inversex + negate x
=fromInteger 0
- Associativity of
(
*
) (x * y) * z
=x * (y * z)
is the multiplicative identityfromInteger
1x * fromInteger 1
=x
andfromInteger 1 * x
=x
- Distributivity of
(
with respect to*
)(
+
) a * (b + c)
=(a * b) + (a * c)
and(b + c) * a
=(b * a) + (c * a)
- Coherence with
toInteger
- if the type also implements
Integral
, thenfromInteger
is a left inverse fortoInteger
, i.e.fromInteger (toInteger i) == i
Note that it isn't customarily expected that a type instance of both Num
and Ord
implement an ordered ring. Indeed, in base
only Integer
and
Rational
do.
Methods
(+) :: a -> a -> a infixl 6 Source #
(-) :: a -> a -> a infixl 6 Source #
(*) :: a -> a -> a infixl 7 Source #
Unary negation.
Absolute value.
Sign of a number.
The functions abs
and signum
should satisfy the law:
abs x * signum x == x
For real numbers, the signum
is either -1
(negative), 0
(zero)
or 1
(positive).
fromInteger :: Integer -> a Source #
Conversion from an Integer
.
An integer literal represents the application of the function
fromInteger
to the appropriate value of type Integer
,
so such literals have type (
.Num
a) => a
Instances
class (Num a, Ord a) => Real a where Source #
Real numbers.
The Haskell report defines no laws for Real
, however Real
instances
are customarily expected to adhere to the following law:
- Coherence with
fromRational
- if the type also implements
Fractional
, thenfromRational
is a left inverse fortoRational
, i.e.fromRational (toRational i) = i
Methods
toRational :: a -> Rational Source #
the rational equivalent of its real argument with full precision
Instances
class (Real a, Enum a) => Integral a where Source #
Integral numbers, supporting integer division.
The Haskell Report defines no laws for Integral
. However, Integral
instances are customarily expected to define a Euclidean domain and have the
following properties for the div
/mod
and quot
/rem
pairs, given
suitable Euclidean functions f
and g
:
x
=y * quot x y + rem x y
withrem x y
=fromInteger 0
org (rem x y)
<g y
x
=y * div x y + mod x y
withmod x y
=fromInteger 0
orf (mod x y)
<f y
An example of a suitable Euclidean function, for Integer
's instance, is
abs
.
In addition, toInteger
should be total, and fromInteger
should be a left
inverse for it, i.e. fromInteger (toInteger i) = i
.
Methods
quot :: a -> a -> a infixl 7 Source #
integer division truncated toward zero
WARNING: This function is partial (because it throws when 0 is passed as
the divisor) for all the integer types in base
.
rem :: a -> a -> a infixl 7 Source #
integer remainder, satisfying
(x `quot` y)*y + (x `rem` y) == x
WARNING: This function is partial (because it throws when 0 is passed as
the divisor) for all the integer types in base
.
div :: a -> a -> a infixl 7 Source #
integer division truncated toward negative infinity
WARNING: This function is partial (because it throws when 0 is passed as
the divisor) for all the integer types in base
.
mod :: a -> a -> a infixl 7 Source #
integer modulus, satisfying
(x `div` y)*y + (x `mod` y) == x
WARNING: This function is partial (because it throws when 0 is passed as
the divisor) for all the integer types in base
.
quotRem :: a -> a -> (a, a) Source #
WARNING: This function is partial (because it throws when 0 is passed as
the divisor) for all the integer types in base
.
divMod :: a -> a -> (a, a) Source #
WARNING: This function is partial (because it throws when 0 is passed as
the divisor) for all the integer types in base
.
toInteger :: a -> Integer Source #
conversion to Integer
Instances
class Num a => Fractional a where Source #
Fractional numbers, supporting real division.
The Haskell Report defines no laws for Fractional
. However, (
and
+
)(
are customarily expected to define a division ring and have the
following properties:*
)
recip
gives the multiplicative inversex * recip x
=recip x * x
=fromInteger 1
- Totality of
toRational
toRational
is total- Coherence with
toRational
- if the type also implements
Real
, thenfromRational
is a left inverse fortoRational
, i.e.fromRational (toRational i) = i
Note that it isn't customarily expected that a type instance of
Fractional
implement a field. However, all instances in base
do.
Minimal complete definition
fromRational, (recip | (/))
Methods
(/) :: a -> a -> a infixl 7 Source #
Fractional division.
Reciprocal fraction.
fromRational :: Rational -> a Source #
Conversion from a Rational
(that is
).
A floating literal stands for an application of Ratio
Integer
fromRational
to a value of type Rational
, so such literals have type
(
.Fractional
a) => a
Instances
Fractional CDouble Source # | |
Fractional CFloat Source # | |
Fractional Double Source # | Note that due to the presence of
Additionally, because of Since: base-2.1 |
Fractional Float Source # | Note that due to the presence of
Additionally, because of Since: base-2.1 |
RealFloat a => Fractional (Complex a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Fractional a => Fractional (Identity a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Fractional a => Fractional (Down a) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Integral a => Fractional (Ratio a) Source # | Since: base-2.0.1 |
HasResolution a => Fractional (Fixed a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Fractional a => Fractional (Op a b) Source # | |
Fractional a => Fractional (Const a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
class Fractional a => Floating a where Source #
Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions and related functions.
The Haskell Report defines no laws for Floating
. However, (
, +
)(
and *
)exp
are customarily expected to define an exponential field and have
the following properties:
exp (a + b)
=exp a * exp b
exp (fromInteger 0)
=fromInteger 1
Minimal complete definition
pi, exp, log, sin, cos, asin, acos, atan, sinh, cosh, asinh, acosh, atanh
Instances
class (Real a, Fractional a) => RealFrac a where Source #
Extracting components of fractions.
Minimal complete definition
Methods
properFraction :: Integral b => a -> (b, a) Source #
The function properFraction
takes a real fractional number x
and returns a pair (n,f)
such that x = n+f
, and:
n
is an integral number with the same sign asx
; andf
is a fraction with the same type and sign asx
, and with absolute value less than1
.
The default definitions of the ceiling
, floor
, truncate
and round
functions are in terms of properFraction
.
truncate :: Integral b => a -> b Source #
returns the integer nearest truncate
xx
between zero and x
round :: Integral b => a -> b Source #
returns the nearest integer to round
xx
;
the even integer if x
is equidistant between two integers
ceiling :: Integral b => a -> b Source #
returns the least integer not less than ceiling
xx
floor :: Integral b => a -> b Source #
returns the greatest integer not greater than floor
xx
Instances
RealFrac CDouble Source # | |
RealFrac CFloat Source # | |
RealFrac Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
RealFrac Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
RealFrac a => RealFrac (Identity a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Identity | |
RealFrac a => RealFrac (Down a) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Integral a => RealFrac (Ratio a) Source # | Since: base-2.0.1 |
HasResolution a => RealFrac (Fixed a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
RealFrac a => RealFrac (Const a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Const |
class (RealFrac a, Floating a) => RealFloat a where Source #
Efficient, machine-independent access to the components of a floating-point number.
Minimal complete definition
floatRadix, floatDigits, floatRange, decodeFloat, encodeFloat, isNaN, isInfinite, isDenormalized, isNegativeZero, isIEEE
Methods
floatRadix :: a -> Integer Source #
a constant function, returning the radix of the representation
(often 2
)
floatDigits :: a -> Int Source #
a constant function, returning the number of digits of
floatRadix
in the significand
floatRange :: a -> (Int, Int) Source #
a constant function, returning the lowest and highest values the exponent may assume
decodeFloat :: a -> (Integer, Int) Source #
The function decodeFloat
applied to a real floating-point
number returns the significand expressed as an Integer
and an
appropriately scaled exponent (an Int
). If
yields decodeFloat
x(m,n)
, then x
is equal in value to m*b^^n
, where b
is the floating-point radix, and furthermore, either m
and n
are both zero or else b^(d-1) <=
, where abs
m < b^dd
is
the value of
.
In particular, floatDigits
x
. If the type
contains a negative zero, also decodeFloat
0 = (0,0)
.
The result of decodeFloat
(-0.0) = (0,0)
is unspecified if either of
decodeFloat
x
or isNaN
x
is isInfinite
xTrue
.
encodeFloat :: Integer -> Int -> a Source #
encodeFloat
performs the inverse of decodeFloat
in the
sense that for finite x
with the exception of -0.0
,
.
uncurry
encodeFloat
(decodeFloat
x) = x
is one of the two closest representable
floating-point numbers to encodeFloat
m nm*b^^n
(or ±Infinity
if overflow
occurs); usually the closer, but if m
contains too many bits,
the result may be rounded in the wrong direction.
exponent
corresponds to the second component of decodeFloat
.
and for finite nonzero exponent
0 = 0x
,
.
If exponent
x = snd (decodeFloat
x) + floatDigits
xx
is a finite floating-point number, it is equal in value to
, where significand
x * b ^^ exponent
xb
is the
floating-point radix.
The behaviour is unspecified on infinite or NaN
values.
significand :: a -> a Source #
The first component of decodeFloat
, scaled to lie in the open
interval (-1
,1
), either 0.0
or of absolute value >= 1/b
,
where b
is the floating-point radix.
The behaviour is unspecified on infinite or NaN
values.
scaleFloat :: Int -> a -> a Source #
multiplies a floating-point number by an integer power of the radix
True
if the argument is an IEEE "not-a-number" (NaN) value
isInfinite :: a -> Bool Source #
True
if the argument is an IEEE infinity or negative infinity
isDenormalized :: a -> Bool Source #
True
if the argument is too small to be represented in
normalized format
isNegativeZero :: a -> Bool Source #
True
if the argument is an IEEE negative zero
True
if the argument is an IEEE floating point number
a version of arctangent taking two real floating-point arguments.
For real floating x
and y
,
computes the angle
(from the positive x-axis) of the vector from the origin to the
point atan2
y x(x,y)
.
returns a value in the range [atan2
y x-pi
,
pi
]. It follows the Common Lisp semantics for the origin when
signed zeroes are supported.
, with atan2
y 1y
in a type
that is RealFloat
, should return the same value as
.
A default definition of atan
yatan2
is provided, but implementors
can provide a more accurate implementation.
Instances
Numeric functions
gcd :: Integral a => a -> a -> a Source #
is the non-negative factor of both gcd
x yx
and y
of which
every common factor of x
and y
is also a factor; for example
, gcd
4 2 = 2
, gcd
(-4) 6 = 2
= gcd
0 44
.
= gcd
0 00
.
(That is, the common divisor that is "greatest" in the divisibility
preordering.)
Note: Since for signed fixed-width integer types,
,
the result may be negative if one of the arguments is abs
minBound
< 0
(and
necessarily is if the other is minBound
0
or
) for such types.minBound
lcm :: Integral a => a -> a -> a Source #
is the smallest positive integer that both lcm
x yx
and y
divide.
(^) :: (Num a, Integral b) => a -> b -> a infixr 8 Source #
raise a number to a non-negative integral power
(^^) :: (Fractional a, Integral b) => a -> b -> a infixr 8 Source #
raise a number to an integral power
fromIntegral :: (Integral a, Num b) => a -> b Source #
General coercion from Integral
types.
WARNING: This function performs silent truncation if the result type is not at least as big as the argument's type.
realToFrac :: (Real a, Fractional b) => a -> b Source #
General coercion to Fractional
types.
WARNING: This function goes through the Rational
type, which does not have values for NaN
for example.
This means it does not round-trip.
For Double
it also behaves differently with or without -O0:
Prelude> realToFrac nan -- With -O0 -Infinity Prelude> realToFrac nan NaN
Semigroups and Monoids
class Semigroup a where Source #
The class of semigroups (types with an associative binary operation).
Instances should satisfy the following:
You can alternatively define sconcat
instead of (<>
), in which case the
laws are:
Since: base-4.9.0.0
Methods
(<>) :: a -> a -> a infixr 6 Source #
An associative operation.
Examples
>>>
[1,2,3] <> [4,5,6]
[1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>>
Just [1, 2, 3] <> Just [4, 5, 6]
Just [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>>
putStr "Hello, " <> putStrLn "World!"
Hello, World!
Instances
Semigroup ByteArray Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Semigroup All Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup Any Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup Void Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup Event Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Semigroup Lifetime Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Semigroup Ordering Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup () Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Bits a => Semigroup (And a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
FiniteBits a => Semigroup (Iff a) Source # | This constraint is arguably
too strong. However, as some types (such as Since: base-4.16 |
Bits a => Semigroup (Ior a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Bits a => Semigroup (Xor a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Semigroup (Comparison a) Source # |
(<>) :: Comparison a -> Comparison a -> Comparison a Comparison cmp <> Comparison cmp' = Comparison a a' -> cmp a a' <> cmp a a' |
Defined in Data.Functor.Contravariant Methods (<>) :: Comparison a -> Comparison a -> Comparison a Source # sconcat :: NonEmpty (Comparison a) -> Comparison a Source # stimes :: Integral b => b -> Comparison a -> Comparison a Source # | |
Semigroup (Equivalence a) Source # |
(<>) :: Equivalence a -> Equivalence a -> Equivalence a Equivalence equiv <> Equivalence equiv' = Equivalence a b -> equiv a b && equiv' a b |
Defined in Data.Functor.Contravariant Methods (<>) :: Equivalence a -> Equivalence a -> Equivalence a Source # sconcat :: NonEmpty (Equivalence a) -> Equivalence a Source # stimes :: Integral b => b -> Equivalence a -> Equivalence a Source # | |
Semigroup (Predicate a) Source # |
(<>) :: Predicate a -> Predicate a -> Predicate a Predicate pred <> Predicate pred' = Predicate a -> pred a && pred' a |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (Identity a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup (First a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup (Last a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (Down a) Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Semigroup (First a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup (Last a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord a => Semigroup (Max a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Ord a => Semigroup (Min a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monoid m => Semigroup (WrappedMonoid m) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods (<>) :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m Source # sconcat :: NonEmpty (WrappedMonoid m) -> WrappedMonoid m Source # stimes :: Integral b => b -> WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m Source # | |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (Dual a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup (Endo a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Num a => Semigroup (Product a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Num a => Semigroup (Sum a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup (NonEmpty a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (STM a) Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
(Generic a, Semigroup (Rep a ())) => Semigroup (Generically a) Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods (<>) :: Generically a -> Generically a -> Generically a Source # sconcat :: NonEmpty (Generically a) -> Generically a Source # stimes :: Integral b => b -> Generically a -> Generically a Source # | |
Semigroup p => Semigroup (Par1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (IO a) Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (a) Source # | Since: base-4.15 |
Semigroup [a] Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (Op a b) Source # |
(<>) :: Op a b -> Op a b -> Op a b Op f <> Op g = Op a -> f a <> g a |
Semigroup (Proxy s) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup (U1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Semigroup (V1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (ST s a) Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
(Semigroup a, Semigroup b) => Semigroup (a, b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup b => Semigroup (a -> b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (Const a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Applicative f, Semigroup a) => Semigroup (Ap f a) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Alternative f => Semigroup (Alt f a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup (f p) => Semigroup (Rec1 f p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
(Semigroup a, Semigroup b, Semigroup c) => Semigroup (a, b, c) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Semigroup (f a), Semigroup (g a)) => Semigroup (Product f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.16.0.0 |
(Semigroup (f p), Semigroup (g p)) => Semigroup ((f :*: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Semigroup c => Semigroup (K1 i c p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
(Semigroup a, Semigroup b, Semigroup c, Semigroup d) => Semigroup (a, b, c, d) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup (f (g a)) => Semigroup (Compose f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.16.0.0 |
Semigroup (f (g p)) => Semigroup ((f :.: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Semigroup (f p) => Semigroup (M1 i c f p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
(Semigroup a, Semigroup b, Semigroup c, Semigroup d, Semigroup e) => Semigroup (a, b, c, d, e) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
class Semigroup a => Monoid a where Source #
The class of monoids (types with an associative binary operation that has an identity). Instances should satisfy the following:
- Right identity
x
<>
mempty
= x- Left identity
mempty
<>
x = x- Associativity
x
(<>
(y<>
z) = (x<>
y)<>
zSemigroup
law)- Concatenation
mconcat
=foldr
(<>
)mempty
You can alternatively define mconcat
instead of mempty
, in which case the
laws are:
- Unit
mconcat
(pure
x) = x- Multiplication
mconcat
(join
xss) =mconcat
(fmap
mconcat
xss)- Subclass
mconcat
(toList
xs) =sconcat
xs
The method names refer to the monoid of lists under concatenation, but there are many other instances.
Some types can be viewed as a monoid in more than one way,
e.g. both addition and multiplication on numbers.
In such cases we often define newtype
s and make those instances
of Monoid
, e.g. Sum
and Product
.
NOTE: Semigroup
is a superclass of Monoid
since base-4.11.0.0.
Methods
Identity of mappend
Examples
>>>
"Hello world" <> mempty
"Hello world"
>>>
mempty <> [1, 2, 3]
[1,2,3]
mappend :: a -> a -> a Source #
An associative operation
NOTE: This method is redundant and has the default
implementation
since base-4.11.0.0.
Should it be implemented manually, since mappend
= (<>
)mappend
is a synonym for
(<>
), it is expected that the two functions are defined the same
way. In a future GHC release mappend
will be removed from Monoid
.
Fold a list using the monoid.
For most types, the default definition for mconcat
will be
used, but the function is included in the class definition so
that an optimized version can be provided for specific types.
>>>
mconcat ["Hello", " ", "Haskell", "!"]
"Hello Haskell!"
Instances
Monoid ByteArray Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Monoid All Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid Any Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid Event Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Monoid Lifetime Source # |
Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Monoid Ordering Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid () Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
FiniteBits a => Monoid (And a) Source # | This constraint is arguably too strong. However,
as some types (such as Since: base-4.16 |
FiniteBits a => Monoid (Iff a) Source # | This constraint is arguably
too strong. However, as some types (such as Since: base-4.16 |
Bits a => Monoid (Ior a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Bits a => Monoid (Xor a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Monoid (Comparison a) Source # |
mempty :: Comparison a mempty = Comparison _ _ -> EQ |
Defined in Data.Functor.Contravariant Methods mempty :: Comparison a Source # mappend :: Comparison a -> Comparison a -> Comparison a Source # mconcat :: [Comparison a] -> Comparison a Source # | |
Monoid (Equivalence a) Source # |
mempty :: Equivalence a mempty = Equivalence _ _ -> True |
Defined in Data.Functor.Contravariant Methods mempty :: Equivalence a Source # mappend :: Equivalence a -> Equivalence a -> Equivalence a Source # mconcat :: [Equivalence a] -> Equivalence a Source # | |
Monoid (Predicate a) Source # |
mempty :: Predicate a mempty = _ -> True |
Monoid a => Monoid (Identity a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monoid (First a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid (Last a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid a => Monoid (Down a) Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
(Ord a, Bounded a) => Monoid (Max a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Ord a, Bounded a) => Monoid (Min a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monoid m => Monoid (WrappedMonoid m) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods mempty :: WrappedMonoid m Source # mappend :: WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m -> WrappedMonoid m Source # mconcat :: [WrappedMonoid m] -> WrappedMonoid m Source # | |
Monoid a => Monoid (Dual a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid (Endo a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Num a => Monoid (Product a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Num a => Monoid (Sum a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid a => Monoid (STM a) Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
(Generic a, Monoid (Rep a ())) => Monoid (Generically a) Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods mempty :: Generically a Source # mappend :: Generically a -> Generically a -> Generically a Source # mconcat :: [Generically a] -> Generically a Source # | |
Monoid p => Monoid (Par1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Monoid a => Monoid (IO a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup a => Monoid (Maybe a) Source # | Lift a semigroup into Since 4.11.0: constraint on inner Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid a => Monoid (a) Source # | Since: base-4.15 |
Monoid [a] Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid a => Monoid (Op a b) Source # |
mempty :: Op a b mempty = Op _ -> mempty |
Monoid (Proxy s) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Monoid (U1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Monoid a => Monoid (ST s a) Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
(Monoid a, Monoid b) => Monoid (a, b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid b => Monoid (a -> b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid a => Monoid (Const a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Applicative f, Monoid a) => Monoid (Ap f a) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Alternative f => Monoid (Alt f a) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Monoid (f p) => Monoid (Rec1 f p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
(Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c) => Monoid (a, b, c) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Monoid (f a), Monoid (g a)) => Monoid (Product f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.16.0.0 |
(Monoid (f p), Monoid (g p)) => Monoid ((f :*: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Monoid c => Monoid (K1 i c p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
(Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c, Monoid d) => Monoid (a, b, c, d) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid (f (g a)) => Monoid (Compose f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.16.0.0 |
Monoid (f (g p)) => Monoid ((f :.: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Monoid (f p) => Monoid (M1 i c f p) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
(Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c, Monoid d, Monoid e) => Monoid (a, b, c, d, e) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monads and functors
class Functor f where Source #
A type f
is a Functor if it provides a function fmap
which, given any types a
and b
lets you apply any function from (a -> b)
to turn an f a
into an f b
, preserving the
structure of f
. Furthermore f
needs to adhere to the following:
Note, that the second law follows from the free theorem of the type fmap
and
the first law, so you need only check that the former condition holds.
See https://www.schoolofhaskell.com/user/edwardk/snippets/fmap or
https://github.com/quchen/articles/blob/master/second_functor_law.md
for an explanation.
Minimal complete definition
Methods
fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b Source #
fmap
is used to apply a function of type (a -> b)
to a value of type f a
,
where f is a functor, to produce a value of type f b
.
Note that for any type constructor with more than one parameter (e.g., Either
),
only the last type parameter can be modified with fmap
(e.g., b
in `Either a b`).
Some type constructors with two parameters or more have a
instance that allows
both the last and the penultimate parameters to be mapped over.Bifunctor
Examples
Convert from a
to a Maybe
IntMaybe String
using show
:
>>>
fmap show Nothing
Nothing>>>
fmap show (Just 3)
Just "3"
Convert from an
to an
Either
Int IntEither Int String
using show
:
>>>
fmap show (Left 17)
Left 17>>>
fmap show (Right 17)
Right "17"
Double each element of a list:
>>>
fmap (*2) [1,2,3]
[2,4,6]
Apply even
to the second element of a pair:
>>>
fmap even (2,2)
(2,True)
It may seem surprising that the function is only applied to the last element of the tuple
compared to the list example above which applies it to every element in the list.
To understand, remember that tuples are type constructors with multiple type parameters:
a tuple of 3 elements (a,b,c)
can also be written (,,) a b c
and its Functor
instance
is defined for Functor ((,,) a b)
(i.e., only the third parameter is free to be mapped over
with fmap
).
It explains why fmap
can be used with tuples containing values of different types as in the
following example:
>>>
fmap even ("hello", 1.0, 4)
("hello",1.0,True)
Instances
Functor ZipList Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor Handler Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Functor Complex Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor Identity Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor First Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor Last Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor Down Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Functor First Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor Last Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor Max Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor Min Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor Dual Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor Product Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor Sum Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor NonEmpty Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor STM Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Functor NoIO Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor Par1 Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor ArgDescr Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Functor ArgOrder Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Functor OptDescr Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Functor ReadP Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor ReadPrec Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor IO Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor Solo Source # | Since: base-4.15 |
Functor List Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad m => Functor (WrappedMonad m) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Control.Applicative Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b Source # (<$) :: a -> WrappedMonad m b -> WrappedMonad m a Source # | |
Arrow a => Functor (ArrowMonad a) Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in Control.Arrow Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b) -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b Source # (<$) :: a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a a0 Source # | |
Functor (ST s) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor (Either a) Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
Functor (Proxy :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Functor (Arg a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (Array i) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor (U1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (V1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (ST s) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor ((,) a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Arrow a => Functor (WrappedArrow a b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Control.Applicative Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b0) -> WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 Source # (<$) :: a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 -> WrappedArrow a b a0 Source # | |
Functor m => Functor (Kleisli m a) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Functor (Const m :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor f => Functor (Ap f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Functor f => Functor (Alt f) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
(Generic1 f, Functor (Rep1 f)) => Functor (Generically1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f b Source # (<$) :: a -> Generically1 f b -> Generically1 f a Source # | |
Functor f => Functor (Rec1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec (Ptr ()) :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Char :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Double :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Float :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Int :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Word :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor ((,,) a b) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (Product f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (Sum f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (f :*: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (f :+: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (K1 i c :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor ((,,,) a b c) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Functor ((->) r) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (Compose f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (f :.: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor f => Functor (M1 i c f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor ((,,,,) a b c d) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Functor ((,,,,,) a b c d e) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Functor ((,,,,,,) a b c d e f) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
(<$>) :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b infixl 4 Source #
An infix synonym for fmap
.
The name of this operator is an allusion to $
.
Note the similarities between their types:
($) :: (a -> b) -> a -> b (<$>) :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b
Whereas $
is function application, <$>
is function
application lifted over a Functor
.
Examples
Convert from a
to a Maybe
Int
using Maybe
String
show
:
>>>
show <$> Nothing
Nothing>>>
show <$> Just 3
Just "3"
Convert from an
to an
Either
Int
Int
Either
Int
String
using show
:
>>>
show <$> Left 17
Left 17>>>
show <$> Right 17
Right "17"
Double each element of a list:
>>>
(*2) <$> [1,2,3]
[2,4,6]
Apply even
to the second element of a pair:
>>>
even <$> (2,2)
(2,True)
class Functor f => Applicative f where Source #
A functor with application, providing operations to
A minimal complete definition must include implementations of pure
and of either <*>
or liftA2
. If it defines both, then they must behave
the same as their default definitions:
(<*>
) =liftA2
id
liftA2
f x y = f<$>
x<*>
y
Further, any definition must satisfy the following:
- Identity
pure
id
<*>
v = v- Composition
pure
(.)<*>
u<*>
v<*>
w = u<*>
(v<*>
w)- Homomorphism
pure
f<*>
pure
x =pure
(f x)- Interchange
u
<*>
pure
y =pure
($
y)<*>
u
The other methods have the following default definitions, which may be overridden with equivalent specialized implementations:
As a consequence of these laws, the Functor
instance for f
will satisfy
It may be useful to note that supposing
forall x y. p (q x y) = f x . g y
it follows from the above that
liftA2
p (liftA2
q u v) =liftA2
f u .liftA2
g v
If f
is also a Monad
, it should satisfy
(which implies that pure
and <*>
satisfy the applicative functor laws).
Methods
Lift a value.
(<*>) :: f (a -> b) -> f a -> f b infixl 4 Source #
Sequential application.
A few functors support an implementation of <*>
that is more
efficient than the default one.
Example
Used in combination with (
, <$>
)(
can be used to build a record.<*>
)
>>>
data MyState = MyState {arg1 :: Foo, arg2 :: Bar, arg3 :: Baz}
>>>
produceFoo :: Applicative f => f Foo
>>>
produceBar :: Applicative f => f Bar
>>>
produceBaz :: Applicative f => f Baz
>>>
mkState :: Applicative f => f MyState
>>>
mkState = MyState <$> produceFoo <*> produceBar <*> produceBaz
liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> f a -> f b -> f c Source #
Lift a binary function to actions.
Some functors support an implementation of liftA2
that is more
efficient than the default one. In particular, if fmap
is an
expensive operation, it is likely better to use liftA2
than to
fmap
over the structure and then use <*>
.
This became a typeclass method in 4.10.0.0. Prior to that, it was
a function defined in terms of <*>
and fmap
.
Example
>>>
liftA2 (,) (Just 3) (Just 5)
Just (3,5)
(*>) :: f a -> f b -> f b infixl 4 Source #
Sequence actions, discarding the value of the first argument.
Examples
If used in conjunction with the Applicative instance for Maybe
,
you can chain Maybe computations, with a possible "early return"
in case of Nothing
.
>>>
Just 2 *> Just 3
Just 3
>>>
Nothing *> Just 3
Nothing
Of course a more interesting use case would be to have effectful computations instead of just returning pure values.
>>>
import Data.Char
>>>
import Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP
>>>
let p = string "my name is " *> munch1 isAlpha <* eof
>>>
readP_to_S p "my name is Simon"
[("Simon","")]
(<*) :: f a -> f b -> f a infixl 4 Source #
Sequence actions, discarding the value of the second argument.
Instances
Applicative ZipList Source # | f <$> ZipList xs1 <*> ... <*> ZipList xsN = ZipList (zipWithN f xs1 ... xsN) where (\a b c -> stimes c [a, b]) <$> ZipList "abcd" <*> ZipList "567" <*> ZipList [1..] = ZipList (zipWith3 (\a b c -> stimes c [a, b]) "abcd" "567" [1..]) = ZipList {getZipList = ["a5","b6b6","c7c7c7"]} Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Control.Applicative | |
Applicative Complex Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Applicative Identity Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Identity | |
Applicative First Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Applicative Last Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Applicative Down Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Applicative First Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Applicative Last Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Applicative Max Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Applicative Min Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Applicative Dual Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Applicative Product Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal | |
Applicative Sum Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Applicative NonEmpty Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Base | |
Applicative STM Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Applicative NoIO Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Applicative Par1 Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Applicative ReadP Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Applicative ReadPrec Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadPrec | |
Applicative IO Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Applicative Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Applicative Solo Source # | Since: base-4.15 |
Applicative List Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad m => Applicative (WrappedMonad m) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Control.Applicative Methods pure :: a -> WrappedMonad m a Source # (<*>) :: WrappedMonad m (a -> b) -> WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b Source # liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b -> WrappedMonad m c Source # (*>) :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b -> WrappedMonad m b Source # (<*) :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b -> WrappedMonad m a Source # | |
Arrow a => Applicative (ArrowMonad a) Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in Control.Arrow Methods pure :: a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 Source # (<*>) :: ArrowMonad a (a0 -> b) -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b Source # liftA2 :: (a0 -> b -> c) -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a c Source # (*>) :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a b Source # (<*) :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a a0 Source # | |
Applicative (ST s) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Applicative (Either e) Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
Defined in Data.Either | |
Applicative (Proxy :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Applicative (U1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Applicative (ST s) Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Monoid a => Applicative ((,) a) Source # | For tuples, the ("hello ", (+15)) <*> ("world!", 2002) ("hello world!",2017) Since: base-2.1 |
Arrow a => Applicative (WrappedArrow a b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Control.Applicative Methods pure :: a0 -> WrappedArrow a b a0 Source # (<*>) :: WrappedArrow a b (a0 -> b0) -> WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 Source # liftA2 :: (a0 -> b0 -> c) -> WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 -> WrappedArrow a b c Source # (*>) :: WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 Source # (<*) :: WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 -> WrappedArrow a b a0 Source # | |
Applicative m => Applicative (Kleisli m a) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Defined in Control.Arrow Methods pure :: a0 -> Kleisli m a a0 Source # (<*>) :: Kleisli m a (a0 -> b) -> Kleisli m a a0 -> Kleisli m a b Source # liftA2 :: (a0 -> b -> c) -> Kleisli m a a0 -> Kleisli m a b -> Kleisli m a c Source # (*>) :: Kleisli m a a0 -> Kleisli m a b -> Kleisli m a b Source # (<*) :: Kleisli m a a0 -> Kleisli m a b -> Kleisli m a a0 Source # | |
Monoid m => Applicative (Const m :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-2.0.1 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Const | |
Applicative f => Applicative (Ap f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Applicative f => Applicative (Alt f) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
(Generic1 f, Applicative (Rep1 f)) => Applicative (Generically1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics Methods pure :: a -> Generically1 f a Source # (<*>) :: Generically1 f (a -> b) -> Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f b Source # liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f b -> Generically1 f c Source # (*>) :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f b -> Generically1 f b Source # (<*) :: Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f b -> Generically1 f a Source # | |
Applicative f => Applicative (Rec1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Monoid a, Monoid b) => Applicative ((,,) a b) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Base | |
(Applicative f, Applicative g) => Applicative (Product f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Product Methods pure :: a -> Product f g a Source # (<*>) :: Product f g (a -> b) -> Product f g a -> Product f g b Source # liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Product f g a -> Product f g b -> Product f g c Source # (*>) :: Product f g a -> Product f g b -> Product f g b Source # (<*) :: Product f g a -> Product f g b -> Product f g a Source # | |
(Applicative f, Applicative g) => Applicative (f :*: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Monoid c => Applicative (K1 i c :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
(Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c) => Applicative ((,,,) a b c) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Base Methods pure :: a0 -> (a, b, c, a0) Source # (<*>) :: (a, b, c, a0 -> b0) -> (a, b, c, a0) -> (a, b, c, b0) Source # liftA2 :: (a0 -> b0 -> c0) -> (a, b, c, a0) -> (a, b, c, b0) -> (a, b, c, c0) Source # (*>) :: (a, b, c, a0) -> (a, b, c, b0) -> (a, b, c, b0) Source # (<*) :: (a, b, c, a0) -> (a, b, c, b0) -> (a, b, c, a0) Source # | |
Applicative ((->) r) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Applicative f, Applicative g) => Applicative (Compose f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Compose Methods pure :: a -> Compose f g a Source # (<*>) :: Compose f g (a -> b) -> Compose f g a -> Compose f g b Source # liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Compose f g a -> Compose f g b -> Compose f g c Source # (*>) :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g b -> Compose f g b Source # (<*) :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g b -> Compose f g a Source # | |
(Applicative f, Applicative g) => Applicative (f :.: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Applicative f => Applicative (M1 i c f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics |
class Applicative m => Monad m where Source #
The Monad
class defines the basic operations over a monad,
a concept from a branch of mathematics known as category theory.
From the perspective of a Haskell programmer, however, it is best to
think of a monad as an abstract datatype of actions.
Haskell's do
expressions provide a convenient syntax for writing
monadic expressions.
Instances of Monad
should satisfy the following:
- Left identity
return
a>>=
k = k a- Right identity
m
>>=
return
= m- Associativity
m
>>=
(\x -> k x>>=
h) = (m>>=
k)>>=
h
Furthermore, the Monad
and Applicative
operations should relate as follows:
The above laws imply:
and that pure
and (<*>
) satisfy the applicative functor laws.
The instances of Monad
for lists, Maybe
and IO
defined in the Prelude satisfy these laws.
Minimal complete definition
Methods
(>>=) :: forall a b. m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b infixl 1 Source #
Sequentially compose two actions, passing any value produced by the first as an argument to the second.
'as
' can be understood as the >>=
bsdo
expression
do a <- as bs a
(>>) :: forall a b. m a -> m b -> m b infixl 1 Source #
Sequentially compose two actions, discarding any value produced by the first, like sequencing operators (such as the semicolon) in imperative languages.
'as
' can be understood as the >>
bsdo
expression
do as bs
Inject a value into the monadic type.
Instances
Monad Complex Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monad Identity Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Monad First Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Monad Last Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Monad Down Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Monad First Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monad Last Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monad Max Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monad Min Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monad Dual Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Monad Product Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Monad Sum Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Monad NonEmpty Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monad STM Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Monad NoIO Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Monad Par1 Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monad ReadP Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad ReadPrec Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad IO Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad Solo Source # | Since: base-4.15 |
Monad List Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad m => Monad (WrappedMonad m) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Control.Applicative Methods (>>=) :: WrappedMonad m a -> (a -> WrappedMonad m b) -> WrappedMonad m b Source # (>>) :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b -> WrappedMonad m b Source # return :: a -> WrappedMonad m a Source # | |
ArrowApply a => Monad (ArrowMonad a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Control.Arrow Methods (>>=) :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> (a0 -> ArrowMonad a b) -> ArrowMonad a b Source # (>>) :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a b Source # return :: a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 Source # | |
Monad (ST s) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad (Either e) Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Monad (Proxy :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Monad (U1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monad (ST s) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monoid a => Monad ((,) a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monad m => Monad (Kleisli m a) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Monad f => Monad (Ap f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Monad f => Monad (Alt f) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Monad f => Monad (Rec1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Monoid a, Monoid b) => Monad ((,,) a b) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
(Monad f, Monad g) => Monad (Product f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Monad f, Monad g) => Monad (f :*: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c) => Monad ((,,,) a b c) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Monad ((->) r) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad f => Monad (M1 i c f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
class Monad m => MonadFail m where Source #
When a value is bound in do
-notation, the pattern on the left
hand side of <-
might not match. In this case, this class
provides a function to recover.
A Monad
without a MonadFail
instance may only be used in conjunction
with pattern that always match, such as newtypes, tuples, data types with
only a single data constructor, and irrefutable patterns (~pat
).
Instances of MonadFail
should satisfy the following law: fail s
should
be a left zero for >>=
,
fail s >>= f = fail s
If your Monad
is also MonadPlus
, a popular definition is
fail _ = mzero
fail s
should be an action that runs in the monad itself, not an
exception (except in instances of MonadIO
). In particular,
fail
should not be implemented in terms of error
.
Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instances
MonadFail ReadP Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
MonadFail ReadPrec Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
MonadFail IO Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
MonadFail Maybe Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
MonadFail List Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Control.Monad.Fail | |
MonadFail f => MonadFail (Ap f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
sequence_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t (m a) -> m () Source #
Evaluate each monadic action in the structure from left to right,
and ignore the results. For a version that doesn't ignore the
results see sequence
.
sequence_
is just like sequenceA_
, but specialised to monadic
actions.
(=<<) :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> m a -> m b infixr 1 Source #
Same as >>=
, but with the arguments interchanged.
Folds and traversals
class Foldable t where Source #
The Foldable class represents data structures that can be reduced to a summary value one element at a time. Strict left-associative folds are a good fit for space-efficient reduction, while lazy right-associative folds are a good fit for corecursive iteration, or for folds that short-circuit after processing an initial subsequence of the structure's elements.
Instances can be derived automatically by enabling the DeriveFoldable
extension. For example, a derived instance for a binary tree might be:
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFoldable #-} data Tree a = Empty | Leaf a | Node (Tree a) a (Tree a) deriving Foldable
A more detailed description can be found in the Overview section of Data.Foldable.
For the class laws see the Laws section of Data.Foldable.
Methods
foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> t a -> m Source #
Map each element of the structure into a monoid, and combine the
results with (
. This fold is right-associative and lazy in the
accumulator. For strict left-associative folds consider <>
)foldMap'
instead.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
foldMap Sum [1, 3, 5]
Sum {getSum = 9}
>>>
foldMap Product [1, 3, 5]
Product {getProduct = 15}
>>>
foldMap (replicate 3) [1, 2, 3]
[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3]
When a Monoid's (
is lazy in its second argument, <>
)foldMap
can
return a result even from an unbounded structure. For example, lazy
accumulation enables Data.ByteString.Builder to efficiently serialise
large data structures and produce the output incrementally:
>>>
import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L
>>>
import qualified Data.ByteString.Builder as B
>>>
let bld :: Int -> B.Builder; bld i = B.intDec i <> B.word8 0x20
>>>
let lbs = B.toLazyByteString $ foldMap bld [0..]
>>>
L.take 64 lbs
"0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24"
foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> t a -> b Source #
Right-associative fold of a structure, lazy in the accumulator.
In the case of lists, foldr
, when applied to a binary operator, a
starting value (typically the right-identity of the operator), and a
list, reduces the list using the binary operator, from right to left:
foldr f z [x1, x2, ..., xn] == x1 `f` (x2 `f` ... (xn `f` z)...)
Note that since the head of the resulting expression is produced by an
application of the operator to the first element of the list, given an
operator lazy in its right argument, foldr
can produce a terminating
expression from an unbounded list.
For a general Foldable
structure this should be semantically identical
to,
foldr f z =foldr
f z .toList
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
foldr (||) False [False, True, False]
True
>>>
foldr (||) False []
False
>>>
foldr (\c acc -> acc ++ [c]) "foo" ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
"foodcba"
Infinite structures
⚠️ Applying foldr
to infinite structures usually doesn't terminate.
It may still terminate under one of the following conditions:
- the folding function is short-circuiting
- the folding function is lazy on its second argument
Short-circuiting
(
short-circuits on ||
)True
values, so the following terminates
because there is a True
value finitely far from the left side:
>>>
foldr (||) False (True : repeat False)
True
But the following doesn't terminate:
>>>
foldr (||) False (repeat False ++ [True])
* Hangs forever *
Laziness in the second argument
Applying foldr
to infinite structures terminates when the operator is
lazy in its second argument (the initial accumulator is never used in
this case, and so could be left undefined
, but []
is more clear):
>>>
take 5 $ foldr (\i acc -> i : fmap (+3) acc) [] (repeat 1)
[1,4,7,10,13]
foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> t a -> b Source #
Left-associative fold of a structure, lazy in the accumulator. This is rarely what you want, but can work well for structures with efficient right-to-left sequencing and an operator that is lazy in its left argument.
In the case of lists, foldl
, when applied to a binary operator, a
starting value (typically the left-identity of the operator), and a
list, reduces the list using the binary operator, from left to right:
foldl f z [x1, x2, ..., xn] == (...((z `f` x1) `f` x2) `f`...) `f` xn
Note that to produce the outermost application of the operator the
entire input list must be traversed. Like all left-associative folds,
foldl
will diverge if given an infinite list.
If you want an efficient strict left-fold, you probably want to use
foldl'
instead of foldl
. The reason for this is that the latter
does not force the inner results (e.g. z `f` x1
in the above
example) before applying them to the operator (e.g. to (`f` x2)
).
This results in a thunk chain O(n) elements long, which then must be
evaluated from the outside-in.
For a general Foldable
structure this should be semantically identical
to:
foldl f z =foldl
f z .toList
Examples
The first example is a strict fold, which in practice is best performed
with foldl'
.
>>>
foldl (+) 42 [1,2,3,4]
52
Though the result below is lazy, the input is reversed before prepending it to the initial accumulator, so corecursion begins only after traversing the entire input string.
>>>
foldl (\acc c -> c : acc) "abcd" "efgh"
"hgfeabcd"
A left fold of a structure that is infinite on the right cannot terminate, even when for any finite input the fold just returns the initial accumulator:
>>>
foldl (\a _ -> a) 0 $ repeat 1
* Hangs forever *
WARNING: When it comes to lists, you always want to use either foldl'
or foldr
instead.
foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> t a -> a Source #
A variant of foldr
that has no base case,
and thus may only be applied to non-empty structures.
This function is non-total and will raise a runtime exception if the structure happens to be empty.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
foldr1 (+) [1..4]
10
>>>
foldr1 (+) []
Exception: Prelude.foldr1: empty list
>>>
foldr1 (+) Nothing
*** Exception: foldr1: empty structure
>>>
foldr1 (-) [1..4]
-2
>>>
foldr1 (&&) [True, False, True, True]
False
>>>
foldr1 (||) [False, False, True, True]
True
>>>
foldr1 (+) [1..]
* Hangs forever *
foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> t a -> a Source #
A variant of foldl
that has no base case,
and thus may only be applied to non-empty structures.
This function is non-total and will raise a runtime exception if the structure happens to be empty.
foldl1
f =foldl1
f .toList
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
foldl1 (+) [1..4]
10
>>>
foldl1 (+) []
*** Exception: Prelude.foldl1: empty list
>>>
foldl1 (+) Nothing
*** Exception: foldl1: empty structure
>>>
foldl1 (-) [1..4]
-8
>>>
foldl1 (&&) [True, False, True, True]
False
>>>
foldl1 (||) [False, False, True, True]
True
>>>
foldl1 (+) [1..]
* Hangs forever *
elem :: Eq a => a -> t a -> Bool infix 4 Source #
Does the element occur in the structure?
Note: elem
is often used in infix form.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
3 `elem` []
False
>>>
3 `elem` [1,2]
False
>>>
3 `elem` [1,2,3,4,5]
True
For infinite structures, the default implementation of elem
terminates if the sought-after value exists at a finite distance
from the left side of the structure:
>>>
3 `elem` [1..]
True
>>>
3 `elem` ([4..] ++ [3])
* Hangs forever *
Since: base-4.8.0.0
maximum :: forall a. Ord a => t a -> a Source #
The largest element of a non-empty structure.
This function is non-total and will raise a runtime exception if the structure happens to be empty. A structure that supports random access and maintains its elements in order should provide a specialised implementation to return the maximum in faster than linear time.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
maximum [1..10]
10
>>>
maximum []
*** Exception: Prelude.maximum: empty list
>>>
maximum Nothing
*** Exception: maximum: empty structure
WARNING: This function is partial for possibly-empty structures like lists.
Since: base-4.8.0.0
minimum :: forall a. Ord a => t a -> a Source #
The least element of a non-empty structure.
This function is non-total and will raise a runtime exception if the structure happens to be empty. A structure that supports random access and maintains its elements in order should provide a specialised implementation to return the minimum in faster than linear time.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
minimum [1..10]
1
>>>
minimum []
*** Exception: Prelude.minimum: empty list
>>>
minimum Nothing
*** Exception: minimum: empty structure
WARNING: This function is partial for possibly-empty structures like lists.
Since: base-4.8.0.0
sum :: Num a => t a -> a Source #
The sum
function computes the sum of the numbers of a structure.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
sum []
0
>>>
sum [42]
42
>>>
sum [1..10]
55
>>>
sum [4.1, 2.0, 1.7]
7.8
>>>
sum [1..]
* Hangs forever *
Since: base-4.8.0.0
product :: Num a => t a -> a Source #
The product
function computes the product of the numbers of a
structure.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
product []
1
>>>
product [42]
42
>>>
product [1..10]
3628800
>>>
product [4.1, 2.0, 1.7]
13.939999999999998
>>>
product [1..]
* Hangs forever *
Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instances
Foldable ZipList Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Control.Applicative Methods fold :: Monoid m => ZipList m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> ZipList a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> ZipList a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> ZipList a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> ZipList a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> ZipList a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> ZipList a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> ZipList a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> ZipList a -> a Source # toList :: ZipList a -> [a] Source # null :: ZipList a -> Bool Source # length :: ZipList a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> ZipList a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => ZipList a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => ZipList a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Complex Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Complex Methods fold :: Monoid m => Complex m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Complex a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Complex a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Complex a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Complex a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Complex a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Complex a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Complex a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Complex a -> a Source # toList :: Complex a -> [a] Source # null :: Complex a -> Bool Source # length :: Complex a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Complex a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Complex a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Complex a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Identity Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Identity Methods fold :: Monoid m => Identity m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Identity a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Identity a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Identity a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Identity a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Identity a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Identity a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Identity a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Identity a -> a Source # toList :: Identity a -> [a] Source # null :: Identity a -> Bool Source # length :: Identity a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Identity a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Identity a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Identity a -> a Source # | |
Foldable First Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => First m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> First a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> First a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> First a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> First a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> First a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> First a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> First a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> First a -> a Source # toList :: First a -> [a] Source # null :: First a -> Bool Source # length :: First a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> First a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => First a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => First a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Last Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Last m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Last a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Last a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Last a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Last a -> a Source # toList :: Last a -> [a] Source # null :: Last a -> Bool Source # length :: Last a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Last a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Last a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Last a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Down Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Down m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Down a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Down a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Down a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Down a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Down a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Down a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Down a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Down a -> a Source # toList :: Down a -> [a] Source # null :: Down a -> Bool Source # length :: Down a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Down a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Down a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Down a -> a Source # | |
Foldable First Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods fold :: Monoid m => First m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> First a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> First a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> First a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> First a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> First a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> First a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> First a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> First a -> a Source # toList :: First a -> [a] Source # null :: First a -> Bool Source # length :: First a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> First a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => First a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => First a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Last Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods fold :: Monoid m => Last m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Last a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Last a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Last a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Last a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Last a -> a Source # toList :: Last a -> [a] Source # null :: Last a -> Bool Source # length :: Last a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Last a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Last a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Last a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Max Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods fold :: Monoid m => Max m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Max a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Max a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Max a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Max a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Max a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Max a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Max a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Max a -> a Source # toList :: Max a -> [a] Source # null :: Max a -> Bool Source # length :: Max a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Max a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Max a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Max a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Min Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods fold :: Monoid m => Min m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Min a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Min a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Min a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Min a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Min a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Min a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Min a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Min a -> a Source # toList :: Min a -> [a] Source # null :: Min a -> Bool Source # length :: Min a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Min a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Min a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Min a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Dual Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Dual m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Dual a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Dual a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Dual a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Dual a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Dual a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Dual a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Dual a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Dual a -> a Source # toList :: Dual a -> [a] Source # null :: Dual a -> Bool Source # length :: Dual a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Dual a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Dual a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Dual a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Product Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Product m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Product a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Product a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Product a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Product a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Product a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Product a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Product a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Product a -> a Source # toList :: Product a -> [a] Source # null :: Product a -> Bool Source # length :: Product a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Product a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Product a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Product a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Sum Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Sum m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Sum a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Sum a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Sum a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Sum a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Sum a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Sum a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Sum a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Sum a -> a Source # toList :: Sum a -> [a] Source # null :: Sum a -> Bool Source # length :: Sum a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Sum a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Sum a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Sum a -> a Source # | |
Foldable NonEmpty Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => NonEmpty m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> NonEmpty a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> NonEmpty a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> NonEmpty a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> NonEmpty a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> NonEmpty a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> NonEmpty a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> NonEmpty a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> NonEmpty a -> a Source # toList :: NonEmpty a -> [a] Source # null :: NonEmpty a -> Bool Source # length :: NonEmpty a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> NonEmpty a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => NonEmpty a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => NonEmpty a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Par1 Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Par1 m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Par1 a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Par1 a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Par1 a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Par1 a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Par1 a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Par1 a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Par1 a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Par1 a -> a Source # toList :: Par1 a -> [a] Source # null :: Par1 a -> Bool Source # length :: Par1 a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Par1 a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Par1 a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Par1 a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Maybe m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Maybe a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Maybe a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Maybe a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Maybe a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Maybe a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Maybe a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Maybe a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Maybe a -> a Source # toList :: Maybe a -> [a] Source # null :: Maybe a -> Bool Source # length :: Maybe a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Maybe a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Maybe a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Maybe a -> a Source # | |
Foldable Solo Source # | Since: base-4.15 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Solo m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Solo a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Solo a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Solo a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Solo a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Solo a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Solo a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Solo a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Solo a -> a Source # toList :: Solo a -> [a] Source # null :: Solo a -> Bool Source # length :: Solo a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Solo a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Solo a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Solo a -> a Source # | |
Foldable List Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => [m] -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> [a] -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> [a] -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> a Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => [a] -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => [a] -> a Source # | |
Foldable (Either a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Either a m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a0 -> m) -> Either a a0 -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a0 -> m) -> Either a a0 -> m Source # foldr :: (a0 -> b -> b) -> b -> Either a a0 -> b Source # foldr' :: (a0 -> b -> b) -> b -> Either a a0 -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a0 -> b) -> b -> Either a a0 -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a0 -> b) -> b -> Either a a0 -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a0 -> a0 -> a0) -> Either a a0 -> a0 Source # foldl1 :: (a0 -> a0 -> a0) -> Either a a0 -> a0 Source # toList :: Either a a0 -> [a0] Source # null :: Either a a0 -> Bool Source # length :: Either a a0 -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a0 => a0 -> Either a a0 -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a0 => Either a a0 -> a0 Source # minimum :: Ord a0 => Either a a0 -> a0 Source # | |
Foldable (Proxy :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Proxy m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Proxy a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Proxy a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Proxy a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Proxy a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Proxy a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Proxy a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Proxy a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Proxy a -> a Source # toList :: Proxy a -> [a] Source # null :: Proxy a -> Bool Source # length :: Proxy a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Proxy a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Proxy a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Proxy a -> a Source # | |
Foldable (Arg a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods fold :: Monoid m => Arg a m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a0 -> m) -> Arg a a0 -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a0 -> m) -> Arg a a0 -> m Source # foldr :: (a0 -> b -> b) -> b -> Arg a a0 -> b Source # foldr' :: (a0 -> b -> b) -> b -> Arg a a0 -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a0 -> b) -> b -> Arg a a0 -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a0 -> b) -> b -> Arg a a0 -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a0 -> a0 -> a0) -> Arg a a0 -> a0 Source # foldl1 :: (a0 -> a0 -> a0) -> Arg a a0 -> a0 Source # toList :: Arg a a0 -> [a0] Source # null :: Arg a a0 -> Bool Source # length :: Arg a a0 -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a0 => a0 -> Arg a a0 -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a0 => Arg a a0 -> a0 Source # minimum :: Ord a0 => Arg a a0 -> a0 Source # | |
Foldable (Array i) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Array i m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Array i a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Array i a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Array i a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Array i a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Array i a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Array i a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Array i a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Array i a -> a Source # toList :: Array i a -> [a] Source # null :: Array i a -> Bool Source # length :: Array i a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Array i a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Array i a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Array i a -> a Source # | |
Foldable (U1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => U1 m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> U1 a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> U1 a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> U1 a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> U1 a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> U1 a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> U1 a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> U1 a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> U1 a -> a Source # toList :: U1 a -> [a] Source # length :: U1 a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> U1 a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => U1 a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => U1 a -> a Source # | |
Foldable (UAddr :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UAddr m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UAddr a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UAddr a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UAddr a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UAddr a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UAddr a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UAddr a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UAddr a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UAddr a -> a Source # toList :: UAddr a -> [a] Source # null :: UAddr a -> Bool Source # length :: UAddr a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UAddr a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UAddr a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UAddr a -> a Source # | |
Foldable (UChar :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UChar m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UChar a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UChar a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UChar a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UChar a -> a Source # toList :: UChar a -> [a] Source # null :: UChar a -> Bool Source # length :: UChar a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UChar a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UChar a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UChar a -> a Source # | |
Foldable (UDouble :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UDouble m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UDouble a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UDouble a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UDouble a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UDouble a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UDouble a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UDouble a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UDouble a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UDouble a -> a Source # toList :: UDouble a -> [a] Source # null :: UDouble a -> Bool Source # length :: UDouble a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UDouble a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UDouble a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UDouble a -> a Source # | |
Foldable (UFloat :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UFloat m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UFloat a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UFloat a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UFloat a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UFloat a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UFloat a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UFloat a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UFloat a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UFloat a -> a Source # toList :: UFloat a -> [a] Source # null :: UFloat a -> Bool Source # length :: UFloat a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UFloat a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UFloat a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UFloat a -> a Source # | |
Foldable (UInt :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UInt m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UInt a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UInt a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UInt a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UInt a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UInt a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UInt a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UInt a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UInt a -> a Source # toList :: UInt a -> [a] Source # null :: UInt a -> Bool Source # length :: UInt a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UInt a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UInt a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UInt a -> a Source # | |
Foldable (UWord :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UWord m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UWord a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UWord a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UWord a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UWord a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UWord a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UWord a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UWord a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UWord a -> a Source # toList :: UWord a -> [a] Source # null :: UWord a -> Bool Source # length :: UWord a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> UWord a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => UWord a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => UWord a -> a Source # | |
Foldable (V1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => V1 m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> V1 a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> V1 a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> V1 a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> V1 a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> V1 a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> V1 a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> V1 a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> V1 a -> a Source # toList :: V1 a -> [a] Source # length :: V1 a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> V1 a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => V1 a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => V1 a -> a Source # | |
Foldable ((,) a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => (a, m) -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a0 -> m) -> (a, a0) -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a0 -> m) -> (a, a0) -> m Source # foldr :: (a0 -> b -> b) -> b -> (a, a0) -> b Source # foldr' :: (a0 -> b -> b) -> b -> (a, a0) -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a0 -> b) -> b -> (a, a0) -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a0 -> b) -> b -> (a, a0) -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a0 -> a0 -> a0) -> (a, a0) -> a0 Source # foldl1 :: (a0 -> a0 -> a0) -> (a, a0) -> a0 Source # toList :: (a, a0) -> [a0] Source # null :: (a, a0) -> Bool Source # length :: (a, a0) -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a0 => a0 -> (a, a0) -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a0 => (a, a0) -> a0 Source # minimum :: Ord a0 => (a, a0) -> a0 Source # | |
Foldable (Const m :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Const Methods fold :: Monoid m0 => Const m m0 -> m0 Source # foldMap :: Monoid m0 => (a -> m0) -> Const m a -> m0 Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m0 => (a -> m0) -> Const m a -> m0 Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Const m a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Const m a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Const m a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Const m a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Const m a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Const m a -> a Source # toList :: Const m a -> [a] Source # null :: Const m a -> Bool Source # length :: Const m a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Const m a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Const m a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Const m a -> a Source # | |
Foldable f => Foldable (Ap f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Ap f m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Ap f a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Ap f a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Ap f a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Ap f a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Ap f a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Ap f a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Ap f a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Ap f a -> a Source # toList :: Ap f a -> [a] Source # null :: Ap f a -> Bool Source # length :: Ap f a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Ap f a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Ap f a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Ap f a -> a Source # | |
Foldable f => Foldable (Alt f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Alt f m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Alt f a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Alt f a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Alt f a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Alt f a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Alt f a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Alt f a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Alt f a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Alt f a -> a Source # toList :: Alt f a -> [a] Source # null :: Alt f a -> Bool Source # length :: Alt f a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Alt f a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Alt f a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Alt f a -> a Source # | |
Foldable f => Foldable (Rec1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => Rec1 f m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Rec1 f a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Rec1 f a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Rec1 f a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Rec1 f a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Rec1 f a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Rec1 f a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Rec1 f a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Rec1 f a -> a Source # toList :: Rec1 f a -> [a] Source # null :: Rec1 f a -> Bool Source # length :: Rec1 f a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Rec1 f a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Rec1 f a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Rec1 f a -> a Source # | |
(Foldable f, Foldable g) => Foldable (Product f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Product Methods fold :: Monoid m => Product f g m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Product f g a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Product f g a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Product f g a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Product f g a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Product f g a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Product f g a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Product f g a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Product f g a -> a Source # toList :: Product f g a -> [a] Source # null :: Product f g a -> Bool Source # length :: Product f g a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Product f g a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Product f g a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Product f g a -> a Source # | |
(Foldable f, Foldable g) => Foldable (Sum f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Sum Methods fold :: Monoid m => Sum f g m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Sum f g a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Sum f g a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Sum f g a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Sum f g a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Sum f g a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Sum f g a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Sum f g a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Sum f g a -> a Source # toList :: Sum f g a -> [a] Source # null :: Sum f g a -> Bool Source # length :: Sum f g a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Sum f g a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Sum f g a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Sum f g a -> a Source # | |
(Foldable f, Foldable g) => Foldable (f :*: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => (f :*: g) m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> (f :*: g) a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> (f :*: g) a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> (f :*: g) a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> (f :*: g) a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> (f :*: g) a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> (f :*: g) a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> (f :*: g) a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> (f :*: g) a -> a Source # toList :: (f :*: g) a -> [a] Source # null :: (f :*: g) a -> Bool Source # length :: (f :*: g) a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> (f :*: g) a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => (f :*: g) a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => (f :*: g) a -> a Source # | |
(Foldable f, Foldable g) => Foldable (f :+: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => (f :+: g) m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> (f :+: g) a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> (f :+: g) a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> (f :+: g) a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> (f :+: g) a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> (f :+: g) a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> (f :+: g) a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> (f :+: g) a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> (f :+: g) a -> a Source # toList :: (f :+: g) a -> [a] Source # null :: (f :+: g) a -> Bool Source # length :: (f :+: g) a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> (f :+: g) a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => (f :+: g) a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => (f :+: g) a -> a Source # | |
Foldable (K1 i c :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => K1 i c m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> K1 i c a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> K1 i c a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> K1 i c a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> K1 i c a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> K1 i c a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> K1 i c a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> K1 i c a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> K1 i c a -> a Source # toList :: K1 i c a -> [a] Source # null :: K1 i c a -> Bool Source # length :: K1 i c a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> K1 i c a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => K1 i c a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => K1 i c a -> a Source # | |
(Foldable f, Foldable g) => Foldable (Compose f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Compose Methods fold :: Monoid m => Compose f g m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Compose f g a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Compose f g a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Compose f g a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Compose f g a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Compose f g a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Compose f g a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Compose f g a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Compose f g a -> a Source # toList :: Compose f g a -> [a] Source # null :: Compose f g a -> Bool Source # length :: Compose f g a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Compose f g a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Compose f g a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Compose f g a -> a Source # | |
(Foldable f, Foldable g) => Foldable (f :.: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => (f :.: g) m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> (f :.: g) a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> (f :.: g) a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> (f :.: g) a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> (f :.: g) a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> (f :.: g) a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> (f :.: g) a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> (f :.: g) a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> (f :.: g) a -> a Source # toList :: (f :.: g) a -> [a] Source # null :: (f :.: g) a -> Bool Source # length :: (f :.: g) a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> (f :.: g) a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => (f :.: g) a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => (f :.: g) a -> a Source # | |
Foldable f => Foldable (M1 i c f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => M1 i c f m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> M1 i c f a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> M1 i c f a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> M1 i c f a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> M1 i c f a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> M1 i c f a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> M1 i c f a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> M1 i c f a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> M1 i c f a -> a Source # toList :: M1 i c f a -> [a] Source # null :: M1 i c f a -> Bool Source # length :: M1 i c f a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> M1 i c f a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => M1 i c f a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => M1 i c f a -> a Source # |
class (Functor t, Foldable t) => Traversable t where Source #
Functors representing data structures that can be transformed to
structures of the same shape by performing an Applicative
(or,
therefore, Monad
) action on each element from left to right.
A more detailed description of what same shape means, the various methods, how traversals are constructed, and example advanced use-cases can be found in the Overview section of Data.Traversable.
For the class laws see the Laws section of Data.Traversable.
Methods
traverse :: Applicative f => (a -> f b) -> t a -> f (t b) Source #
Map each element of a structure to an action, evaluate these actions
from left to right, and collect the results. For a version that ignores
the results see traverse_
.
Examples
Basic usage:
In the first two examples we show each evaluated action mapping to the output structure.
>>>
traverse Just [1,2,3,4]
Just [1,2,3,4]
>>>
traverse id [Right 1, Right 2, Right 3, Right 4]
Right [1,2,3,4]
In the next examples, we show that Nothing
and Left
values short
circuit the created structure.
>>>
traverse (const Nothing) [1,2,3,4]
Nothing
>>>
traverse (\x -> if odd x then Just x else Nothing) [1,2,3,4]
Nothing
>>>
traverse id [Right 1, Right 2, Right 3, Right 4, Left 0]
Left 0
sequenceA :: Applicative f => t (f a) -> f (t a) Source #
Evaluate each action in the structure from left to right, and
collect the results. For a version that ignores the results
see sequenceA_
.
Examples
Basic usage:
For the first two examples we show sequenceA fully evaluating a a structure and collecting the results.
>>>
sequenceA [Just 1, Just 2, Just 3]
Just [1,2,3]
>>>
sequenceA [Right 1, Right 2, Right 3]
Right [1,2,3]
The next two example show Nothing
and Just
will short circuit
the resulting structure if present in the input. For more context,
check the Traversable
instances for Either
and Maybe
.
>>>
sequenceA [Just 1, Just 2, Just 3, Nothing]
Nothing
>>>
sequenceA [Right 1, Right 2, Right 3, Left 4]
Left 4
mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m (t b) Source #
Map each element of a structure to a monadic action, evaluate
these actions from left to right, and collect the results. For
a version that ignores the results see mapM_
.
Examples
sequence :: Monad m => t (m a) -> m (t a) Source #
Evaluate each monadic action in the structure from left to
right, and collect the results. For a version that ignores the
results see sequence_
.
Examples
Basic usage:
The first two examples are instances where the input and
and output of sequence
are isomorphic.
>>>
sequence $ Right [1,2,3,4]
[Right 1,Right 2,Right 3,Right 4]
>>>
sequence $ [Right 1,Right 2,Right 3,Right 4]
Right [1,2,3,4]
The following examples demonstrate short circuit behavior
for sequence
.
>>>
sequence $ Left [1,2,3,4]
Left [1,2,3,4]
>>>
sequence $ [Left 0, Right 1,Right 2,Right 3,Right 4]
Left 0
Instances
Traversable ZipList Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Traversable Complex Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Complex | |
Traversable Identity Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Traversable First Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Traversable Last Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Traversable Down Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Traversable First Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable Last Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable Max Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable Min Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable Dual Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Traversable Product Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Traversable Sum Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Traversable NonEmpty Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Traversable Par1 Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Traversable Solo Source # | Since: base-4.15 |
Traversable List Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Traversable (Either a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable Methods traverse :: Applicative f => (a0 -> f b) -> Either a a0 -> f (Either a b) Source # sequenceA :: Applicative f => Either a (f a0) -> f (Either a a0) Source # mapM :: Monad m => (a0 -> m b) -> Either a a0 -> m (Either a b) Source # sequence :: Monad m => Either a (m a0) -> m (Either a a0) Source # | |
Traversable (Proxy :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Traversable (Arg a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup | |
Ix i => Traversable (Array i) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Traversable (U1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable (UAddr :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable (UChar :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable (UDouble :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Traversable (UFloat :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Traversable (UInt :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable (UWord :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable (V1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Traversable ((,) a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Traversable (Const m :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Traversable f => Traversable (Ap f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Traversable f => Traversable (Alt f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
Traversable f => Traversable (Rec1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
(Traversable f, Traversable g) => Traversable (Product f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Product Methods traverse :: Applicative f0 => (a -> f0 b) -> Product f g a -> f0 (Product f g b) Source # sequenceA :: Applicative f0 => Product f g (f0 a) -> f0 (Product f g a) Source # mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> Product f g a -> m (Product f g b) Source # sequence :: Monad m => Product f g (m a) -> m (Product f g a) Source # | |
(Traversable f, Traversable g) => Traversable (Sum f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Sum | |
(Traversable f, Traversable g) => Traversable (f :*: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable Methods traverse :: Applicative f0 => (a -> f0 b) -> (f :*: g) a -> f0 ((f :*: g) b) Source # sequenceA :: Applicative f0 => (f :*: g) (f0 a) -> f0 ((f :*: g) a) Source # mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> (f :*: g) a -> m ((f :*: g) b) Source # sequence :: Monad m => (f :*: g) (m a) -> m ((f :*: g) a) Source # | |
(Traversable f, Traversable g) => Traversable (f :+: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable Methods traverse :: Applicative f0 => (a -> f0 b) -> (f :+: g) a -> f0 ((f :+: g) b) Source # sequenceA :: Applicative f0 => (f :+: g) (f0 a) -> f0 ((f :+: g) a) Source # mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> (f :+: g) a -> m ((f :+: g) b) Source # sequence :: Monad m => (f :+: g) (m a) -> m ((f :+: g) a) Source # | |
Traversable (K1 i c :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable | |
(Traversable f, Traversable g) => Traversable (Compose f g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Functor.Compose Methods traverse :: Applicative f0 => (a -> f0 b) -> Compose f g a -> f0 (Compose f g b) Source # sequenceA :: Applicative f0 => Compose f g (f0 a) -> f0 (Compose f g a) Source # mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> Compose f g a -> m (Compose f g b) Source # sequence :: Monad m => Compose f g (m a) -> m (Compose f g a) Source # | |
(Traversable f, Traversable g) => Traversable (f :.: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable Methods traverse :: Applicative f0 => (a -> f0 b) -> (f :.: g) a -> f0 ((f :.: g) b) Source # sequenceA :: Applicative f0 => (f :.: g) (f0 a) -> f0 ((f :.: g) a) Source # mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> (f :.: g) a -> m ((f :.: g) b) Source # sequence :: Monad m => (f :.: g) (m a) -> m ((f :.: g) a) Source # | |
Traversable f => Traversable (M1 i c f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Traversable |
Miscellaneous functions
const x y
always evaluates to x
, ignoring its second argument.
>>>
const 42 "hello"
42
>>>
map (const 42) [0..3]
[42,42,42,42]
flip :: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> a -> c Source #
takes its (first) two arguments in the reverse order of flip
ff
.
>>>
flip (++) "hello" "world"
"worldhello"
($) :: forall r a (b :: TYPE r). (a -> b) -> a -> b infixr 0 Source #
Application operator. This operator is redundant, since ordinary
application (f x)
means the same as (f
. However, $
x)$
has
low, right-associative binding precedence, so it sometimes allows
parentheses to be omitted; for example:
f $ g $ h x = f (g (h x))
It is also useful in higher-order situations, such as
,
or map
($
0) xs
.zipWith
($
) fs xs
Note that (
is representation-polymorphic in its result type, so that
$
)foo
where $
Truefoo :: Bool -> Int#
is well-typed.
until :: (a -> Bool) -> (a -> a) -> a -> a Source #
yields the result of applying until
p ff
until p
holds.
error :: forall (r :: RuntimeRep). forall (a :: TYPE r). HasCallStack => [Char] -> a Source #
error
stops execution and displays an error message.
errorWithoutStackTrace :: forall (r :: RuntimeRep). forall (a :: TYPE r). [Char] -> a Source #
A variant of error
that does not produce a stack trace.
Since: base-4.9.0.0
undefined :: forall (r :: RuntimeRep). forall (a :: TYPE r). HasCallStack => a Source #
seq :: forall {r :: RuntimeRep} a (b :: TYPE r). a -> b -> b infixr 0 Source #
The value of
is bottom if seq
a ba
is bottom, and
otherwise equal to b
. In other words, it evaluates the first
argument a
to weak head normal form (WHNF). seq
is usually
introduced to improve performance by avoiding unneeded laziness.
A note on evaluation order: the expression
does
not guarantee that seq
a ba
will be evaluated before b
.
The only guarantee given by seq
is that the both a
and b
will be evaluated before seq
returns a value.
In particular, this means that b
may be evaluated before
a
. If you need to guarantee a specific order of evaluation,
you must use the function pseq
from the "parallel" package.
($!) :: forall r a (b :: TYPE r). (a -> b) -> a -> b infixr 0 Source #
Strict (call-by-value) application operator. It takes a function and an argument, evaluates the argument to weak head normal form (WHNF), then calls the function with that value.
List operations
map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(n)\). map
f xs
is the list obtained by applying f
to
each element of xs
, i.e.,
map f [x1, x2, ..., xn] == [f x1, f x2, ..., f xn] map f [x1, x2, ...] == [f x1, f x2, ...]
>>>
map (+1) [1, 2, 3]
[2,3,4]
(++) :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] infixr 5 Source #
Append two lists, i.e.,
[x1, ..., xm] ++ [y1, ..., yn] == [x1, ..., xm, y1, ..., yn] [x1, ..., xm] ++ [y1, ...] == [x1, ..., xm, y1, ...]
If the first list is not finite, the result is the first list.
WARNING: This function takes linear time in the number of elements of the first list.
filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(n)\). filter
, applied to a predicate and a list, returns
the list of those elements that satisfy the predicate; i.e.,
filter p xs = [ x | x <- xs, p x]
>>>
filter odd [1, 2, 3]
[1,3]
head :: HasCallStack => [a] -> a Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(1)\). Extract the first element of a list, which must be non-empty.
>>>
head [1, 2, 3]
1>>>
head [1..]
1>>>
head []
*** Exception: Prelude.head: empty list
WARNING: This function is partial. You can use case-matching, uncons
or
listToMaybe
instead.
last :: HasCallStack => [a] -> a Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(n)\). Extract the last element of a list, which must be finite and non-empty.
>>>
last [1, 2, 3]
3>>>
last [1..]
* Hangs forever *>>>
last []
*** Exception: Prelude.last: empty list
WARNING: This function is partial. You can use reverse
with case-matching,
uncons
or listToMaybe
instead.
tail :: HasCallStack => [a] -> [a] Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(1)\). Extract the elements after the head of a list, which must be non-empty.
>>>
tail [1, 2, 3]
[2,3]>>>
tail [1]
[]>>>
tail []
*** Exception: Prelude.tail: empty list
WARNING: This function is partial. You can use case-matching or uncons
instead.
init :: HasCallStack => [a] -> [a] Source #
(!!) :: HasCallStack => [a] -> Int -> a infixl 9 Source #
List index (subscript) operator, starting from 0.
It is an instance of the more general genericIndex
,
which takes an index of any integral type.
>>>
['a', 'b', 'c'] !! 0
'a'>>>
['a', 'b', 'c'] !! 2
'c'>>>
['a', 'b', 'c'] !! 3
*** Exception: Prelude.!!: index too large>>>
['a', 'b', 'c'] !! (-1)
*** Exception: Prelude.!!: negative index
WARNING: This function is partial. You can use atMay instead.
null :: Foldable t => t a -> Bool Source #
Test whether the structure is empty. The default implementation is Left-associative and lazy in both the initial element and the accumulator. Thus optimised for structures where the first element can be accessed in constant time. Structures where this is not the case should have a non-default implementation.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
null []
True
>>>
null [1]
False
null
is expected to terminate even for infinite structures.
The default implementation terminates provided the structure
is bounded on the left (there is a leftmost element).
>>>
null [1..]
False
Since: base-4.8.0.0
length :: Foldable t => t a -> Int Source #
Returns the size/length of a finite structure as an Int
. The
default implementation just counts elements starting with the leftmost.
Instances for structures that can compute the element count faster
than via element-by-element counting, should provide a specialised
implementation.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
length []
0
>>>
length ['a', 'b', 'c']
3>>>
length [1..]
* Hangs forever *
Since: base-4.8.0.0
reverse :: [a] -> [a] Source #
reverse
xs
returns the elements of xs
in reverse order.
xs
must be finite.
>>>
reverse []
[]>>>
reverse [42]
[42]>>>
reverse [2,5,7]
[7,5,2]>>>
reverse [1..]
* Hangs forever *
Special folds
and :: Foldable t => t Bool -> Bool Source #
and
returns the conjunction of a container of Bools. For the
result to be True
, the container must be finite; False
, however,
results from a False
value finitely far from the left end.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
and []
True
>>>
and [True]
True
>>>
and [False]
False
>>>
and [True, True, False]
False
>>>
and (False : repeat True) -- Infinite list [False,True,True,True,...
False
>>>
and (repeat True)
* Hangs forever *
or :: Foldable t => t Bool -> Bool Source #
or
returns the disjunction of a container of Bools. For the
result to be False
, the container must be finite; True
, however,
results from a True
value finitely far from the left end.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
or []
False
>>>
or [True]
True
>>>
or [False]
False
>>>
or [True, True, False]
True
>>>
or (True : repeat False) -- Infinite list [True,False,False,False,...
True
>>>
or (repeat False)
* Hangs forever *
any :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool Source #
Determines whether any element of the structure satisfies the predicate.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
any (> 3) []
False
>>>
any (> 3) [1,2]
False
>>>
any (> 3) [1,2,3,4,5]
True
>>>
any (> 3) [1..]
True
>>>
any (> 3) [0, -1..]
* Hangs forever *
all :: Foldable t => (a -> Bool) -> t a -> Bool Source #
Determines whether all elements of the structure satisfy the predicate.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
all (> 3) []
True
>>>
all (> 3) [1,2]
False
>>>
all (> 3) [1,2,3,4,5]
False
>>>
all (> 3) [1..]
False
>>>
all (> 3) [4..]
* Hangs forever *
concat :: Foldable t => t [a] -> [a] Source #
The concatenation of all the elements of a container of lists.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
concat (Just [1, 2, 3])
[1,2,3]
>>>
concat (Left 42)
[]
>>>
concat [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6], []]
[1,2,3,4,5,6]
concatMap :: Foldable t => (a -> [b]) -> t a -> [b] Source #
Map a function over all the elements of a container and concatenate the resulting lists.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
concatMap (take 3) [[1..], [10..], [100..], [1000..]]
[1,2,3,10,11,12,100,101,102,1000,1001,1002]
>>>
concatMap (take 3) (Just [1..])
[1,2,3]
Building lists
Scans
scanl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> [a] -> [b] Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(n)\). scanl
is similar to foldl
, but returns a list of
successive reduced values from the left:
scanl f z [x1, x2, ...] == [z, z `f` x1, (z `f` x1) `f` x2, ...]
Note that
last (scanl f z xs) == foldl f z xs
>>>
scanl (+) 0 [1..4]
[0,1,3,6,10]>>>
scanl (+) 42 []
[42]>>>
scanl (-) 100 [1..4]
[100,99,97,94,90]>>>
scanl (\reversedString nextChar -> nextChar : reversedString) "foo" ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
["foo","afoo","bafoo","cbafoo","dcbafoo"]>>>
scanl (+) 0 [1..]
* Hangs forever *
scanl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> [a] Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(n)\). scanl1
is a variant of scanl
that has no starting
value argument:
scanl1 f [x1, x2, ...] == [x1, x1 `f` x2, ...]
>>>
scanl1 (+) [1..4]
[1,3,6,10]>>>
scanl1 (+) []
[]>>>
scanl1 (-) [1..4]
[1,-1,-4,-8]>>>
scanl1 (&&) [True, False, True, True]
[True,False,False,False]>>>
scanl1 (||) [False, False, True, True]
[False,False,True,True]>>>
scanl1 (+) [1..]
* Hangs forever *
scanr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> [b] Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(n)\). scanr
is the right-to-left dual of scanl
. Note that the order of parameters on the accumulating function are reversed compared to scanl
.
Also note that
head (scanr f z xs) == foldr f z xs.
>>>
scanr (+) 0 [1..4]
[10,9,7,4,0]>>>
scanr (+) 42 []
[42]>>>
scanr (-) 100 [1..4]
[98,-97,99,-96,100]>>>
scanr (\nextChar reversedString -> nextChar : reversedString) "foo" ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
["abcdfoo","bcdfoo","cdfoo","dfoo","foo"]>>>
force $ scanr (+) 0 [1..]
*** Exception: stack overflow
scanr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> [a] Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(n)\). scanr1
is a variant of scanr
that has no starting
value argument.
>>>
scanr1 (+) [1..4]
[10,9,7,4]>>>
scanr1 (+) []
[]>>>
scanr1 (-) [1..4]
[-2,3,-1,4]>>>
scanr1 (&&) [True, False, True, True]
[False,False,True,True]>>>
scanr1 (||) [True, True, False, False]
[True,True,False,False]>>>
force $ scanr1 (+) [1..]
*** Exception: stack overflow
Infinite lists
iterate :: (a -> a) -> a -> [a] Source #
iterate
f x
returns an infinite list of repeated applications
of f
to x
:
iterate f x == [x, f x, f (f x), ...]
Note that iterate
is lazy, potentially leading to thunk build-up if
the consumer doesn't force each iterate. See iterate'
for a strict
variant of this function.
>>>
take 10 $ iterate not True
[True,False,True,False...>>>
take 10 $ iterate (+3) 42
[42,45,48,51,54,57,60,63...
repeat
x
is an infinite list, with x
the value of every element.
>>>
repeat 17
[17,17,17,17,17,17,17,17,17...
replicate :: Int -> a -> [a] Source #
replicate
n x
is a list of length n
with x
the value of
every element.
It is an instance of the more general genericReplicate
,
in which n
may be of any integral type.
>>>
replicate 0 True
[]>>>
replicate (-1) True
[]>>>
replicate 4 True
[True,True,True,True]
cycle :: HasCallStack => [a] -> [a] Source #
cycle
ties a finite list into a circular one, or equivalently,
the infinite repetition of the original list. It is the identity
on infinite lists.
>>>
cycle []
*** Exception: Prelude.cycle: empty list>>>
cycle [42]
[42,42,42,42,42,42,42,42,42,42...>>>
cycle [2, 5, 7]
[2,5,7,2,5,7,2,5,7,2,5,7...
Sublists
take :: Int -> [a] -> [a] Source #
take
n
, applied to a list xs
, returns the prefix of xs
of length n
, or xs
itself if n >=
.length
xs
>>>
take 5 "Hello World!"
"Hello">>>
take 3 [1,2,3,4,5]
[1,2,3]>>>
take 3 [1,2]
[1,2]>>>
take 3 []
[]>>>
take (-1) [1,2]
[]>>>
take 0 [1,2]
[]
It is an instance of the more general genericTake
,
in which n
may be of any integral type.
drop :: Int -> [a] -> [a] Source #
drop
n xs
returns the suffix of xs
after the first n
elements, or []
if n >=
.length
xs
>>>
drop 6 "Hello World!"
"World!">>>
drop 3 [1,2,3,4,5]
[4,5]>>>
drop 3 [1,2]
[]>>>
drop 3 []
[]>>>
drop (-1) [1,2]
[1,2]>>>
drop 0 [1,2]
[1,2]
It is an instance of the more general genericDrop
,
in which n
may be of any integral type.
takeWhile :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] Source #
takeWhile
, applied to a predicate p
and a list xs
, returns the
longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs
of elements that satisfy p
.
>>>
takeWhile (< 3) [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4]
[1,2]>>>
takeWhile (< 9) [1,2,3]
[1,2,3]>>>
takeWhile (< 0) [1,2,3]
[]
span :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a]) Source #
span
, applied to a predicate p
and a list xs
, returns a tuple where
first element is longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs
of elements that
satisfy p
and second element is the remainder of the list:
>>>
span (< 3) [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4]
([1,2],[3,4,1,2,3,4])>>>
span (< 9) [1,2,3]
([1,2,3],[])>>>
span (< 0) [1,2,3]
([],[1,2,3])
break :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a], [a]) Source #
break
, applied to a predicate p
and a list xs
, returns a tuple where
first element is longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs
of elements that
do not satisfy p
and second element is the remainder of the list:
>>>
break (> 3) [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4]
([1,2,3],[4,1,2,3,4])>>>
break (< 9) [1,2,3]
([],[1,2,3])>>>
break (> 9) [1,2,3]
([1,2,3],[])
splitAt :: Int -> [a] -> ([a], [a]) Source #
splitAt
n xs
returns a tuple where first element is xs
prefix of
length n
and second element is the remainder of the list:
>>>
splitAt 6 "Hello World!"
("Hello ","World!")>>>
splitAt 3 [1,2,3,4,5]
([1,2,3],[4,5])>>>
splitAt 1 [1,2,3]
([1],[2,3])>>>
splitAt 3 [1,2,3]
([1,2,3],[])>>>
splitAt 4 [1,2,3]
([1,2,3],[])>>>
splitAt 0 [1,2,3]
([],[1,2,3])>>>
splitAt (-1) [1,2,3]
([],[1,2,3])
It is equivalent to (
when take
n xs, drop
n xs)n
is not _|_
(splitAt _|_ xs = _|_
).
splitAt
is an instance of the more general genericSplitAt
,
in which n
may be of any integral type.
Searching lists
notElem :: (Foldable t, Eq a) => a -> t a -> Bool infix 4 Source #
notElem
is the negation of elem
.
Examples
Basic usage:
>>>
3 `notElem` []
True
>>>
3 `notElem` [1,2]
True
>>>
3 `notElem` [1,2,3,4,5]
False
For infinite structures, notElem
terminates if the value exists at a
finite distance from the left side of the structure:
>>>
3 `notElem` [1..]
False
>>>
3 `notElem` ([4..] ++ [3])
* Hangs forever *
Zipping and unzipping lists
zip :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a, b)] Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(\min(m,n))\). zip
takes two lists and returns a list of
corresponding pairs.
>>>
zip [1, 2] ['a', 'b']
[(1,'a'),(2,'b')]
If one input list is shorter than the other, excess elements of the longer list are discarded, even if one of the lists is infinite:
>>>
zip [1] ['a', 'b']
[(1,'a')]>>>
zip [1, 2] ['a']
[(1,'a')]>>>
zip [] [1..]
[]>>>
zip [1..] []
[]
zip
is right-lazy:
>>>
zip [] undefined
[]>>>
zip undefined []
*** Exception: Prelude.undefined ...
zip
is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its
first list argument and its resulting list.
zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] Source #
\(\mathcal{O}(\min(m,n))\). zipWith
generalises zip
by zipping with the
function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function.
zipWith (,) xs ys == zip xs ys zipWith f [x1,x2,x3..] [y1,y2,y3..] == [f x1 y1, f x2 y2, f x3 y3..]
For example,
is applied to two lists to produce the list of
corresponding sums:zipWith
(+)
>>>
zipWith (+) [1, 2, 3] [4, 5, 6]
[5,7,9]
zipWith
is right-lazy:
>>>
let f = undefined
>>>
zipWith f [] undefined
[]
zipWith
is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its
first list argument and its resulting list.
zipWith3 :: (a -> b -> c -> d) -> [a] -> [b] -> [c] -> [d] Source #
The zipWith3
function takes a function which combines three
elements, as well as three lists and returns a list of the function applied
to corresponding elements, analogous to zipWith
.
It is capable of list fusion, but it is restricted to its
first list argument and its resulting list.
zipWith3 (,,) xs ys zs == zip3 xs ys zs zipWith3 f [x1,x2,x3..] [y1,y2,y3..] [z1,z2,z3..] == [f x1 y1 z1, f x2 y2 z2, f x3 y3 z3..]
unzip :: [(a, b)] -> ([a], [b]) Source #
unzip
transforms a list of pairs into a list of first components
and a list of second components.
>>>
unzip []
([],[])>>>
unzip [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')]
([1,2],"ab")
Functions on strings
lines :: String -> [String] Source #
Splits the argument into a list of lines stripped of their terminating
\n
characters. The \n
terminator is optional in a final non-empty
line of the argument string.
For example:
>>>
lines "" -- empty input contains no lines
[]>>>
lines "\n" -- single empty line
[""]>>>
lines "one" -- single unterminated line
["one"]>>>
lines "one\n" -- single non-empty line
["one"]>>>
lines "one\n\n" -- second line is empty
["one",""]>>>
lines "one\ntwo" -- second line is unterminated
["one","two"]>>>
lines "one\ntwo\n" -- two non-empty lines
["one","two"]
When the argument string is empty, or ends in a \n
character, it can be
recovered by passing the result of lines
to the unlines
function.
Otherwise, unlines
appends the missing terminating \n
. This makes
unlines . lines
idempotent:
(unlines . lines) . (unlines . lines) = (unlines . lines)
Converting to and from String
Converting to String
Conversion of values to readable String
s.
Derived instances of Show
have the following properties, which
are compatible with derived instances of Read
:
- The result of
show
is a syntactically correct Haskell expression containing only constants, given the fixity declarations in force at the point where the type is declared. It contains only the constructor names defined in the data type, parentheses, and spaces. When labelled constructor fields are used, braces, commas, field names, and equal signs are also used. - If the constructor is defined to be an infix operator, then
showsPrec
will produce infix applications of the constructor. - the representation will be enclosed in parentheses if the
precedence of the top-level constructor in
x
is less thand
(associativity is ignored). Thus, ifd
is0
then the result is never surrounded in parentheses; ifd
is11
it is always surrounded in parentheses, unless it is an atomic expression. - If the constructor is defined using record syntax, then
show
will produce the record-syntax form, with the fields given in the same order as the original declaration.
For example, given the declarations
infixr 5 :^: data Tree a = Leaf a | Tree a :^: Tree a
the derived instance of Show
is equivalent to
instance (Show a) => Show (Tree a) where showsPrec d (Leaf m) = showParen (d > app_prec) $ showString "Leaf " . showsPrec (app_prec+1) m where app_prec = 10 showsPrec d (u :^: v) = showParen (d > up_prec) $ showsPrec (up_prec+1) u . showString " :^: " . showsPrec (up_prec+1) v where up_prec = 5
Note that right-associativity of :^:
is ignored. For example,
produces the stringshow
(Leaf 1 :^: Leaf 2 :^: Leaf 3)"Leaf 1 :^: (Leaf 2 :^: Leaf 3)"
.
Methods
Arguments
:: Int | the operator precedence of the enclosing
context (a number from |
-> a | the value to be converted to a |
-> ShowS |
Convert a value to a readable String
.
showsPrec
should satisfy the law
showsPrec d x r ++ s == showsPrec d x (r ++ s)
Derived instances of Read
and Show
satisfy the following:
That is, readsPrec
parses the string produced by
showsPrec
, and delivers the value that showsPrec
started with.
Instances
Show NestedAtomically Source # | Since: base-4.0 |
Defined in Control.Exception.Base | |
Show NoMatchingContinuationPrompt Source # | Since: base-4.18 |
Defined in Control.Exception.Base | |
Show NoMethodError Source # | Since: base-4.0 |
Defined in Control.Exception.Base | |
Show NonTermination Source # | Since: base-4.0 |
Defined in Control.Exception.Base | |
Show PatternMatchFail Source # | Since: base-4.0 |
Defined in Control.Exception.Base | |
Show RecConError Source # | Since: base-4.0 |
Defined in Control.Exception.Base | |
Show RecSelError Source # | Since: base-4.0 |
Defined in Control.Exception.Base | |
Show RecUpdError Source # | Since: base-4.0 |
Defined in Control.Exception.Base | |
Show TypeError Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show ByteArray Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0 |
Show Constr Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Show ConstrRep Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Show DataRep Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Show DataType Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Show Fixity Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Show Dynamic Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show All Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Any Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show SomeTypeRep Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Typeable.Internal | |
Show Version Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show CBool Source # | |
Show CChar Source # | |
Show CClock Source # | |
Show CDouble Source # | |
Show CFloat Source # | |
Show CInt Source # | |
Show CIntMax Source # | |
Show CIntPtr Source # | |
Show CLLong Source # | |
Show CLong Source # | |
Show CPtrdiff Source # | |
Show CSChar Source # | |
Show CSUSeconds Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Show CShort Source # | |
Show CSigAtomic Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Show CSize Source # | |
Show CTime Source # | |
Show CUChar Source # | |
Show CUInt Source # | |
Show CUIntMax Source # | |
Show CUIntPtr Source # | |
Show CULLong Source # | |
Show CULong Source # | |
Show CUSeconds Source # | |
Show CUShort Source # | |
Show CWchar Source # | |
Show IntPtr Source # | |
Show WordPtr Source # | |
Show Void Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show ByteOrder Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Show BlockReason Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Conc.Sync | |
Show ThreadId Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Show ThreadStatus Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Conc.Sync | |
Show Event Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Show Lifetime Source # | Since: base-4.8.1.0 |
Show FdKey Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Show ErrorCall Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Show ArithException Source # | Since: base-4.0.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Exception.Type | |
Show SomeException Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
Defined in GHC.Exception.Type | |
Show Fingerprint Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Fingerprint.Type | |
Show Associativity Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Show DecidedStrictness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Show Fixity Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Show SourceStrictness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Show SourceUnpackedness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Show MaskingState Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Show SeekMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Show CodingFailureMode Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Encoding.Failure | |
Show CodingProgress Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Encoding.Types | |
Show TextEncoding Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Encoding.Types | |
Show AllocationLimitExceeded Source # | Since: base-4.7.1.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show ArrayException Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show AssertionFailed Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show AsyncException Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show BlockedIndefinitelyOnMVar Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show BlockedIndefinitelyOnSTM Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show CompactionFailed Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show Deadlock Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Show ExitCode Source # | |
Show FixIOException Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show IOErrorType Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show IOException Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show SomeAsyncException Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Exception | |
Show FD Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Show HandlePosn Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle | |
Show FileLockingNotSupported Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Lock.Common | |
Show BufferMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types | |
Show Handle Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Show HandleType Source # | Since: base-4.1.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types | |
Show Newline Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Show NewlineMode Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types | |
Show IOMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Show InfoProv Source # | |
Show Int16 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Int32 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Int64 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Int8 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show CCFlags Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show ConcFlags Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show DebugFlags Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.RTS.Flags | |
Show DoCostCentres Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.RTS.Flags | |
Show DoHeapProfile Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.RTS.Flags | |
Show DoTrace Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show GCFlags Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show GiveGCStats Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.RTS.Flags | |
Show IoSubSystem Source # | |
Defined in GHC.RTS.Flags | |
Show MiscFlags Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show ParFlags Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show ProfFlags Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show RTSFlags Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show TickyFlags Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.RTS.Flags | |
Show TraceFlags Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.RTS.Flags | |
Show FractionalExponentBase Source # | |
Show StackEntry Source # | |
Defined in GHC.Stack.CloneStack | |
Show CallStack Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show SrcLoc Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show StaticPtrInfo Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.StaticPtr | |
Show GCDetails Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Show RTSStats Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Show SomeChar Source # | |
Show SomeSymbol Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.TypeLits | |
Show SomeNat Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Show GeneralCategory Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Unicode | |
Show Word16 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Word32 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Word64 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Word8 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show CBlkCnt Source # | |
Show CBlkSize Source # | |
Show CCc Source # | |
Show CClockId Source # | |
Show CDev Source # | |
Show CFsBlkCnt Source # | |
Show CFsFilCnt Source # | |
Show CGid Source # | |
Show CId Source # | |
Show CIno Source # | |
Show CKey Source # | |
Show CMode Source # | |
Show CNfds Source # | |
Show CNlink Source # | |
Show COff Source # | |
Show CPid Source # | |
Show CRLim Source # | |
Show CSocklen Source # | |
Show CSpeed Source # | |
Show CSsize Source # | |
Show CTcflag Source # | |
Show CTimer Source # | |
Show CUid Source # | |
Show Fd Source # | |
Show Timeout Source # | Since: base-4.0 |
Show Lexeme Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Number Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Show KindRep Source # | |
Show Module Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show Ordering Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show TrName Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show TyCon Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show TypeLitSort Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Show Integer Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Natural Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show () Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Bool Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Char Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show Levity Source # | Since: base-4.15.0.0 |
Show RuntimeRep Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Show VecCount Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Show VecElem Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Show Word Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show a => Show (ZipList a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Show a => Show (And a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Show a => Show (Iff a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Show a => Show (Ior a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Show a => Show (Xor a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Show a => Show (Complex a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show a => Show (Identity a) Source # | This instance would be equivalent to the derived instances of the
Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show a => Show (First a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show a => Show (Last a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show a => Show (Down a) Source # | This instance would be equivalent to the derived instances of the
Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Show a => Show (First a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show a => Show (Last a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show a => Show (Max a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show a => Show (Min a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show m => Show (WrappedMonoid m) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup | |
Show a => Show (Dual a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show a => Show (Product a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show a => Show (Sum a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show (ConstPtr a) Source # | |
Show a => Show (NonEmpty a) Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Show (ForeignPtr a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.ForeignPtr | |
Show p => Show (Par1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Show (FunPtr a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show (Ptr a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show a => Show (Ratio a) Source # | Since: base-2.0.1 |
Show (SChar c) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Show (SSymbol s) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Show (SNat n) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Show a => Show (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show a => Show (a) Source # | Since: base-4.15 |
Show a => Show [a] Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b) => Show (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
HasResolution a => Show (Fixed a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show (Proxy s) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Show a, Show b) => Show (Arg a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show (TypeRep a) Source # | |
(Ix a, Show a, Show b) => Show (Array a b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show (U1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show (V1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show (ST s a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b) => Show (a, b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show (a -> b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show a => Show (Const a b) Source # | This instance would be equivalent to the derived instances of the
Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show (f a) => Show (Ap f a) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Show (f a) => Show (Alt f a) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Show (Coercion a b) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Show (a :~: b) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Show (OrderingI a b) Source # | |
Show (f p) => Show (Rec1 f p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Show (URec Char p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show (URec Double p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show (URec Float p) Source # | |
Show (URec Int p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Show (URec Word p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c) => Show (a, b, c) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show (f a), Show (g a)) => Show (Product f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
(Show (f a), Show (g a)) => Show (Sum f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Show (a :~~: b) Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
(Show (f p), Show (g p)) => Show ((f :*: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Show (f p), Show (g p)) => Show ((f :+: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Show c => Show (K1 i c p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d) => Show (a, b, c, d) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Show (f (g a)) => Show (Compose f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Show (f (g p)) => Show ((f :.: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Show (f p) => Show (M1 i c f p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e) => Show (a, b, c, d, e) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f) => Show (a, b, c, d, e, f) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g) => Show (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h) => Show (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i) => Show (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j) => Show (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j, Show k) => Show (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j, Show k, Show l) => Show (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j, Show k, Show l, Show m) => Show (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j, Show k, Show l, Show m, Show n) => Show (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Show a, Show b, Show c, Show d, Show e, Show f, Show g, Show h, Show i, Show j, Show k, Show l, Show m, Show n, Show o) => Show (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
showChar :: Char -> ShowS Source #
utility function converting a Char
to a show function that
simply prepends the character unchanged.
showString :: String -> ShowS Source #
utility function converting a String
to a show function that
simply prepends the string unchanged.
Converting from String
Parsing of String
s, producing values.
Derived instances of Read
make the following assumptions, which
derived instances of Show
obey:
- If the constructor is defined to be an infix operator, then the
derived
Read
instance will parse only infix applications of the constructor (not the prefix form). - Associativity is not used to reduce the occurrence of parentheses, although precedence may be.
- If the constructor is defined using record syntax, the derived
Read
will parse only the record-syntax form, and furthermore, the fields must be given in the same order as the original declaration. - The derived
Read
instance allows arbitrary Haskell whitespace between tokens of the input string. Extra parentheses are also allowed.
For example, given the declarations
infixr 5 :^: data Tree a = Leaf a | Tree a :^: Tree a
the derived instance of Read
in Haskell 2010 is equivalent to
instance (Read a) => Read (Tree a) where readsPrec d r = readParen (d > app_prec) (\r -> [(Leaf m,t) | ("Leaf",s) <- lex r, (m,t) <- readsPrec (app_prec+1) s]) r ++ readParen (d > up_prec) (\r -> [(u:^:v,w) | (u,s) <- readsPrec (up_prec+1) r, (":^:",t) <- lex s, (v,w) <- readsPrec (up_prec+1) t]) r where app_prec = 10 up_prec = 5
Note that right-associativity of :^:
is unused.
The derived instance in GHC is equivalent to
instance (Read a) => Read (Tree a) where readPrec = parens $ (prec app_prec $ do Ident "Leaf" <- lexP m <- step readPrec return (Leaf m)) +++ (prec up_prec $ do u <- step readPrec Symbol ":^:" <- lexP v <- step readPrec return (u :^: v)) where app_prec = 10 up_prec = 5 readListPrec = readListPrecDefault
Why do both readsPrec
and readPrec
exist, and why does GHC opt to
implement readPrec
in derived Read
instances instead of readsPrec
?
The reason is that readsPrec
is based on the ReadS
type, and although
ReadS
is mentioned in the Haskell 2010 Report, it is not a very efficient
parser data structure.
readPrec
, on the other hand, is based on a much more efficient ReadPrec
datatype (a.k.a "new-style parsers"), but its definition relies on the use
of the RankNTypes
language extension. Therefore, readPrec
(and its
cousin, readListPrec
) are marked as GHC-only. Nevertheless, it is
recommended to use readPrec
instead of readsPrec
whenever possible
for the efficiency improvements it brings.
As mentioned above, derived Read
instances in GHC will implement
readPrec
instead of readsPrec
. The default implementations of
readsPrec
(and its cousin, readList
) will simply use readPrec
under
the hood. If you are writing a Read
instance by hand, it is recommended
to write it like so:
instanceRead
T wherereadPrec
= ...readListPrec
=readListPrecDefault
Methods
Arguments
:: Int | the operator precedence of the enclosing
context (a number from |
-> ReadS a |
attempts to parse a value from the front of the string, returning a list of (parsed value, remaining string) pairs. If there is no successful parse, the returned list is empty.
Derived instances of Read
and Show
satisfy the following:
That is, readsPrec
parses the string produced by
showsPrec
, and delivers the value that
showsPrec
started with.
Instances
Read All Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Any Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Version Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read CBool Source # | |
Read CChar Source # | |
Read CClock Source # | |
Read CDouble Source # | |
Read CFloat Source # | |
Read CInt Source # | |
Read CIntMax Source # | |
Read CIntPtr Source # | |
Read CLLong Source # | |
Read CLong Source # | |
Read CPtrdiff Source # | |
Read CSChar Source # | |
Read CSUSeconds Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Read CShort Source # | |
Read CSigAtomic Source # | |
Defined in Foreign.C.Types | |
Read CSize Source # | |
Read CTime Source # | |
Read CUChar Source # | |
Read CUInt Source # | |
Read CUIntMax Source # | |
Read CUIntPtr Source # | |
Read CULLong Source # | |
Read CULong Source # | |
Read CUSeconds Source # | |
Read CUShort Source # | |
Read CWchar Source # | |
Read IntPtr Source # | |
Read WordPtr Source # | |
Read Void Source # | Reading a Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Read ByteOrder Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Read Associativity Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Read DecidedStrictness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Read Fixity Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Read SourceStrictness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Read SourceUnpackedness Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.Generics | |
Read SeekMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Read ExitCode Source # | |
Read BufferMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types | |
Read Newline Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Read NewlineMode Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.IO.Handle.Types | |
Read IOMode Source # | Since: base-4.2.0.0 |
Read Int16 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Int32 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Int64 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Int8 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read GCDetails Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Read RTSStats Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
Read SomeChar Source # | |
Read SomeSymbol Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in GHC.TypeLits | |
Read SomeNat Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Read GeneralCategory Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Word16 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Word32 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Word64 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Word8 Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read CBlkCnt Source # | |
Read CBlkSize Source # | |
Read CCc Source # | |
Read CClockId Source # | |
Read CDev Source # | |
Read CFsBlkCnt Source # | |
Read CFsFilCnt Source # | |
Read CGid Source # | |
Read CId Source # | |
Read CIno Source # | |
Read CKey Source # | |
Read CMode Source # | |
Read CNfds Source # | |
Read CNlink Source # | |
Read COff Source # | |
Read CPid Source # | |
Read CRLim Source # | |
Read CSocklen Source # | |
Read CSpeed Source # | |
Read CSsize Source # | |
Read CTcflag Source # | |
Read CUid Source # | |
Read Fd Source # | |
Read Lexeme Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Ordering Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Integer Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Natural Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Read () Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Bool Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Char Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Double Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Float Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Int Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read Word Source # | Since: base-4.5.0.0 |
Read a => Read (ZipList a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Read a => Read (And a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Read a => Read (Iff a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Read a => Read (Ior a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Read a => Read (Xor a) Source # | Since: base-4.16 |
Read a => Read (Complex a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read a => Read (Identity a) Source # | This instance would be equivalent to the derived instances of the
Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Read a => Read (First a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read a => Read (Last a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read a => Read (Down a) Source # | This instance would be equivalent to the derived instances of the
Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Read a => Read (First a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Read a => Read (Last a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Read a => Read (Max a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Read a => Read (Min a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Read m => Read (WrappedMonoid m) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Defined in Data.Semigroup Methods readsPrec :: Int -> ReadS (WrappedMonoid m) Source # readList :: ReadS [WrappedMonoid m] Source # readPrec :: ReadPrec (WrappedMonoid m) Source # readListPrec :: ReadPrec [WrappedMonoid m] Source # | |
Read a => Read (Dual a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read a => Read (Product a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read a => Read (Sum a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read a => Read (NonEmpty a) Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Read p => Read (Par1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Integral a, Read a) => Read (Ratio a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read a => Read (Maybe a) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read a => Read (a) Source # | Since: base-4.15 |
Read a => Read [a] Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Read a, Read b) => Read (Either a b) Source # | Since: base-3.0 |
HasResolution a => Read (Fixed a) Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0 |
Read (Proxy t) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Read a, Read b) => Read (Arg a b) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Ix a, Read a, Read b) => Read (Array a b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read (U1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Read (V1 p) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Read a, Read b) => Read (a, b) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read a => Read (Const a b) Source # | This instance would be equivalent to the derived instances of the
Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Read (f a) => Read (Ap f a) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Read (f a) => Read (Alt f a) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Coercible a b => Read (Coercion a b) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
a ~ b => Read (a :~: b) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Read (f p) => Read (Rec1 f p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Read a, Read b, Read c) => Read (a, b, c) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Read (f a), Read (g a)) => Read (Product f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
(Read (f a), Read (g a)) => Read (Sum f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
a ~~ b => Read (a :~~: b) Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
(Read (f p), Read (g p)) => Read ((f :*: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Read (f p), Read (g p)) => Read ((f :+: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Read c => Read (K1 i c p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d) => Read (a, b, c, d) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Read (f (g a)) => Read (Compose f g a) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0 |
Read (f (g p)) => Read ((f :.: g) p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Read (f p) => Read (M1 i c f p) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e) => Read (a, b, c, d, e) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e, Read f) => Read (a, b, c, d, e, f) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e, Read f, Read g) => Read (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e, Read f, Read g, Read h) => Read (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e, Read f, Read g, Read h, Read i) => Read (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e, Read f, Read g, Read h, Read i, Read j) => Read (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e, Read f, Read g, Read h, Read i, Read j, Read k) => Read (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e, Read f, Read g, Read h, Read i, Read j, Read k, Read l) => Read (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Read | |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e, Read f, Read g, Read h, Read i, Read j, Read k, Read l, Read m) => Read (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Read | |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e, Read f, Read g, Read h, Read i, Read j, Read k, Read l, Read m, Read n) => Read (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Read Methods readsPrec :: Int -> ReadS (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) Source # readList :: ReadS [(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n)] Source # readPrec :: ReadPrec (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n) Source # readListPrec :: ReadPrec [(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n)] Source # | |
(Read a, Read b, Read c, Read d, Read e, Read f, Read g, Read h, Read i, Read j, Read k, Read l, Read m, Read n, Read o) => Read (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in GHC.Read Methods readsPrec :: Int -> ReadS (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) Source # readList :: ReadS [(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o)] Source # readPrec :: ReadPrec (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o) Source # readListPrec :: ReadPrec [(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o)] Source # |
read :: Read a => String -> a Source #
The read
function reads input from a string, which must be
completely consumed by the input process. read
fails with an error
if the
parse is unsuccessful, and it is therefore discouraged from being used in
real applications. Use readMaybe
or readEither
for safe alternatives.
>>>
read "123" :: Int
123
>>>
read "hello" :: Int
*** Exception: Prelude.read: no parse
The lex
function reads a single lexeme from the input, discarding
initial white space, and returning the characters that constitute the
lexeme. If the input string contains only white space, lex
returns a
single successful `lexeme' consisting of the empty string. (Thus
.) If there is no legal lexeme at the
beginning of the input string, lex
"" = [("","")]lex
fails (i.e. returns []
).
This lexer is not completely faithful to the Haskell lexical syntax in the following respects:
- Qualified names are not handled properly
- Octal and hexadecimal numerics are not recognized as a single token
- Comments are not treated properly
Basic Input and output
A value of type
is a computation which, when performed,
does some I/O before returning a value of type IO
aa
.
There is really only one way to "perform" an I/O action: bind it to
Main.main
in your program. When your program is run, the I/O will
be performed. It isn't possible to perform I/O from an arbitrary
function, unless that function is itself in the IO
monad and called
at some point, directly or indirectly, from Main.main
.
IO
is a monad, so IO
actions can be combined using either the do-notation
or the >>
and >>=
operations from the Monad
class.
Instances
MonadFail IO Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
MonadFix IO Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
MonadIO IO Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Alternative IO Source # | Takes the first non-throwing Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Applicative IO Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor IO Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
Monad IO Source # | Since: base-2.1 |
MonadPlus IO Source # | Takes the first non-throwing Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
GHCiSandboxIO IO Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0 |
Monoid a => Monoid (IO a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Semigroup a => Semigroup (IO a) Source # | Since: base-4.10.0.0 |
a ~ () => HPrintfType (IO a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Text.Printf | |
a ~ () => PrintfType (IO a) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Defined in Text.Printf |
Simple I/O operations
Output functions
print :: Show a => a -> IO () Source #
The print
function outputs a value of any printable type to the
standard output device.
Printable types are those that are instances of class Show
; print
converts values to strings for output using the show
operation and
adds a newline.
For example, a program to print the first 20 integers and their powers of 2 could be written as:
main = print ([(n, 2^n) | n <- [0..19]])
Input functions
getContents :: IO String Source #
The getContents
operation returns all user input as a single string,
which is read lazily as it is needed
(same as hGetContents
stdin
).
interact :: (String -> String) -> IO () Source #
The interact
function takes a function of type String->String
as its argument. The entire input from the standard input device is
passed to this function as its argument, and the resulting string is
output on the standard output device.
Files
type FilePath = String Source #
File and directory names are values of type String
, whose precise
meaning is operating system dependent. Files can be opened, yielding a
handle which can then be used to operate on the contents of that file.
readFile :: FilePath -> IO String Source #
The readFile
function reads a file and
returns the contents of the file as a string.
The file is read lazily, on demand, as with getContents
.
writeFile :: FilePath -> String -> IO () Source #
The computation writeFile
file str
function writes the string str
,
to the file file
.
appendFile :: FilePath -> String -> IO () Source #
The computation appendFile
file str
function appends the string str
,
to the file file
.
Note that writeFile
and appendFile
write a literal string
to a file. To write a value of any printable type, as with print
,
use the show
function to convert the value to a string first.
main = appendFile "squares" (show [(x,x*x) | x <- [0,0.1..2]])
Exception handling in the I/O monad
type IOError = IOException Source #
The Haskell 2010 type for exceptions in the IO
monad.
Any I/O operation may raise an IOException
instead of returning a result.
For a more general type of exception, including also those that arise
in pure code, see Exception
.
In Haskell 2010, this is an opaque type.
userError :: String -> IOError Source #
Construct an IOException
value with a string describing the error.
The fail
method of the IO
instance of the Monad
class raises a
userError
, thus:
instance Monad IO where ... fail s = ioError (userError s)