Copyright | (C) 2008-2015 Edward Kmett (C) 2004 Dave Menendez |
---|---|
License | BSD-style (see the file LICENSE) |
Maintainer | Edward Kmett <ekmett@gmail.com> |
Stability | provisional |
Portability | portable |
Safe Haskell | Safe |
Language | Haskell2010 |
Synopsis
- class Functor w => Comonad w where
- liftW :: Comonad w => (a -> b) -> w a -> w b
- wfix :: Comonad w => w (w a -> a) -> a
- cfix :: Comonad w => (w a -> a) -> w a
- kfix :: ComonadApply w => w (w a -> a) -> w a
- (=>=) :: Comonad w => (w a -> b) -> (w b -> c) -> w a -> c
- (=<=) :: Comonad w => (w b -> c) -> (w a -> b) -> w a -> c
- (<<=) :: Comonad w => (w a -> b) -> w a -> w b
- (=>>) :: Comonad w => w a -> (w a -> b) -> w b
- class Comonad w => ComonadApply w where
- (<@@>) :: ComonadApply w => w a -> w (a -> b) -> w b
- liftW2 :: ComonadApply w => (a -> b -> c) -> w a -> w b -> w c
- liftW3 :: ComonadApply w => (a -> b -> c -> d) -> w a -> w b -> w c -> w d
- newtype Cokleisli w a b = Cokleisli {
- runCokleisli :: w a -> b
- class Functor (f :: Type -> Type) where
- (<$>) :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b
- ($>) :: Functor f => f a -> b -> f b
Comonads
class Functor w => Comonad w where Source #
There are two ways to define a comonad:
I. Provide definitions for extract
and extend
satisfying these laws:
extend
extract
=id
extract
.extend
f = fextend
f .extend
g =extend
(f .extend
g)
In this case, you may simply set fmap
= liftW
.
These laws are directly analogous to the laws for monads and perhaps can be made clearer by viewing them as laws stating that Cokleisli composition must be associative, and has extract for a unit:
f=>=
extract
= fextract
=>=
f = f (f=>=
g)=>=
h = f=>=
(g=>=
h)
II. Alternately, you may choose to provide definitions for fmap
,
extract
, and duplicate
satisfying these laws:
extract
.duplicate
=id
fmap
extract
.duplicate
=id
duplicate
.duplicate
=fmap
duplicate
.duplicate
In this case you may not rely on the ability to define fmap
in
terms of liftW
.
You may of course, choose to define both duplicate
and extend
.
In that case you must also satisfy these laws:
extend
f =fmap
f .duplicate
duplicate
=extend
idfmap
f =extend
(f .extract
)
These are the default definitions of extend
and duplicate
and
the definition of liftW
respectively.
Instances
Comonad Identity Source # | |
Comonad NonEmpty Source # | |
Comonad Tree Source # | |
Comonad ((,) e) Source # | |
Comonad (Arg e) Source # | |
Comonad (Tagged s) Source # | |
Comonad w => Comonad (IdentityT w) Source # | |
Comonad w => Comonad (EnvT e w) Source # | |
Comonad w => Comonad (StoreT s w) Source # | |
(Comonad w, Monoid m) => Comonad (TracedT m w) Source # | |
Monoid m => Comonad ((->) m :: Type -> Type) Source # | |
(Comonad f, Comonad g) => Comonad (Sum f g) Source # | |
kfix :: ComonadApply w => w (w a -> a) -> w a Source #
Comonadic fixed point à la Kenneth Foner:
This is the evaluate
function from his "Getting a Quick Fix on Comonads" talk.
(=>=) :: Comonad w => (w a -> b) -> (w b -> c) -> w a -> c infixr 1 Source #
Left-to-right Cokleisli
composition
(=<=) :: Comonad w => (w b -> c) -> (w a -> b) -> w a -> c infixr 1 Source #
Right-to-left Cokleisli
composition
Combining Comonads
class Comonad w => ComonadApply w where Source #
ComonadApply
is to Comonad
like Applicative
is to Monad
.
Mathematically, it is a strong lax symmetric semi-monoidal comonad on the
category Hask
of Haskell types. That it to say that w
is a strong lax
symmetric semi-monoidal functor on Hask, where both extract
and duplicate
are
symmetric monoidal natural transformations.
Laws:
(.
)<$>
u<@>
v<@>
w = u<@>
(v<@>
w)extract
(p<@>
q) =extract
p (extract
q)duplicate
(p<@>
q) = (<@>
)<$>
duplicate
p<@>
duplicate
q
If our type is both a ComonadApply
and Applicative
we further require
(<*>
) = (<@>
)
Finally, if you choose to define (<@
) and (@>
), the results of your
definitions should match the following laws:
a@>
b =const
id
<$>
a<@>
b a<@
b =const
<$>
a<@>
b
Nothing
(<@>) :: w (a -> b) -> w a -> w b infixl 4 Source #
default (<@>) :: Applicative w => w (a -> b) -> w a -> w b Source #
Instances
ComonadApply Identity Source # | |
ComonadApply NonEmpty Source # | |
ComonadApply Tree Source # | |
Semigroup m => ComonadApply ((,) m) Source # | |
ComonadApply w => ComonadApply (IdentityT w) Source # | |
(Semigroup e, ComonadApply w) => ComonadApply (EnvT e w) Source # | |
(ComonadApply w, Semigroup s) => ComonadApply (StoreT s w) Source # | |
(ComonadApply w, Monoid m) => ComonadApply (TracedT m w) Source # | |
Monoid m => ComonadApply ((->) m :: Type -> Type) Source # | |
(<@@>) :: ComonadApply w => w a -> w (a -> b) -> w b infixl 4 Source #
A variant of <@>
with the arguments reversed.
liftW2 :: ComonadApply w => (a -> b -> c) -> w a -> w b -> w c Source #
Lift a binary function into a Comonad
with zipping
liftW3 :: ComonadApply w => (a -> b -> c -> d) -> w a -> w b -> w c -> w d Source #
Lift a ternary function into a Comonad
with zipping
Cokleisli Arrows
newtype Cokleisli w a b Source #
Cokleisli | |
|
Instances
Comonad w => Category (Cokleisli w :: Type -> Type -> Type) Source # | |
Comonad w => Arrow (Cokleisli w) Source # | |
Defined in Control.Comonad | |
Comonad w => ArrowChoice (Cokleisli w) Source # | |
Defined in Control.Comonad | |
Comonad w => ArrowApply (Cokleisli w) Source # | |
Defined in Control.Comonad | |
ComonadApply w => ArrowLoop (Cokleisli w) Source # | |
Defined in Control.Comonad | |
Monad (Cokleisli w a) Source # | |
Functor (Cokleisli w a) Source # | |
Applicative (Cokleisli w a) Source # | |
Defined in Control.Comonad pure :: a0 -> Cokleisli w a a0 # (<*>) :: Cokleisli w a (a0 -> b) -> Cokleisli w a a0 -> Cokleisli w a b # liftA2 :: (a0 -> b -> c) -> Cokleisli w a a0 -> Cokleisli w a b -> Cokleisli w a c # (*>) :: Cokleisli w a a0 -> Cokleisli w a b -> Cokleisli w a b # (<*) :: Cokleisli w a a0 -> Cokleisli w a b -> Cokleisli w a a0 # |
Functors
class Functor (f :: Type -> Type) where #
A type f
is a Functor if it provides a function fmap
which, given any types a
and b
lets you apply any function from (a -> b)
to turn an f a
into an f b
, preserving the
structure of f
. Furthermore f
needs to adhere to the following:
Note, that the second law follows from the free theorem of the type fmap
and
the first law, so you need only check that the former condition holds.
fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b #
Using ApplicativeDo
: '
' can be understood as
the fmap
f asdo
expression
do a <- as pure (f a)
with an inferred Functor
constraint.
Instances
Functor [] | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor Maybe | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor IO | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor Par1 | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor Complex | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor Min | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor Max | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor First | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor Last | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor Option | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor ZipList | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor Identity | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor First | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor Last | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor Dual | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor Sum | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor Product | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Functor Down | Since: base-4.11.0.0 |
Functor ReadP | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor NonEmpty | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor IntMap | |
Functor Tree | |
Functor Seq | |
Functor FingerTree | |
Defined in Data.Sequence.Internal fmap :: (a -> b) -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree b # (<$) :: a -> FingerTree b -> FingerTree a # | |
Functor Digit | |
Functor Node | |
Functor Elem | |
Functor ViewL | |
Functor ViewR | |
Functor P | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP | |
Functor (Either a) | Since: base-3.0 |
Functor (V1 :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (U1 :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor ((,) a) | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor (Array i) | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor (Arg a) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Monad m => Functor (WrappedMonad m) | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Control.Applicative fmap :: (a -> b) -> WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m b # (<$) :: a -> WrappedMonad m b -> WrappedMonad m a # | |
Arrow a => Functor (ArrowMonad a) | Since: base-4.6.0.0 |
Defined in Control.Arrow fmap :: (a0 -> b) -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b # (<$) :: a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a a0 # | |
Functor (Proxy :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.7.0.0 |
Functor (Map k) | |
Functor f => Functor (Rec1 f) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Char :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Double :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Float :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Int :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec Word :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor (URec (Ptr ()) :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor ((,,) a b) | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Arrow a => Functor (WrappedArrow a b) | Since: base-2.1 |
Defined in Control.Applicative fmap :: (a0 -> b0) -> WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 # (<$) :: a0 -> WrappedArrow a b b0 -> WrappedArrow a b a0 # | |
Functor m => Functor (Kleisli m a) | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
Functor (Const m :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor f => Functor (Ap f) | Since: base-4.12.0.0 |
Functor f => Functor (Alt f) | Since: base-4.8.0.0 |
(Applicative f, Monad f) => Functor (WhenMissing f x) | Since: containers-0.5.9 |
Defined in Data.IntMap.Internal fmap :: (a -> b) -> WhenMissing f x a -> WhenMissing f x b # (<$) :: a -> WhenMissing f x b -> WhenMissing f x a # | |
Functor f => Functor (Indexing f) | |
Functor (Tagged s) | |
Functor f => Functor (Reverse f) | Derived instance. |
Functor (Constant a :: Type -> Type) | |
Functor m => Functor (ReaderT r m) | |
Functor m => Functor (IdentityT m) | |
Functor f => Functor (Backwards f) | Derived instance. |
Functor w => Functor (EnvT e w) Source # | |
Functor w => Functor (StoreT s w) Source # | |
Functor w => Functor (TracedT m w) Source # | |
Functor ((->) r :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-2.1 |
Functor (K1 i c :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (f :+: g) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (f :*: g) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor ((,,,) a b c) | Since: base-4.14.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (Product f g) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (Sum f g) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor f => Functor (WhenMatched f x y) | Since: containers-0.5.9 |
Defined in Data.IntMap.Internal fmap :: (a -> b) -> WhenMatched f x y a -> WhenMatched f x y b # (<$) :: a -> WhenMatched f x y b -> WhenMatched f x y a # | |
(Applicative f, Monad f) => Functor (WhenMissing f k x) | Since: containers-0.5.9 |
Defined in Data.Map.Internal fmap :: (a -> b) -> WhenMissing f k x a -> WhenMissing f k x b # (<$) :: a -> WhenMissing f k x b -> WhenMissing f k x a # | |
Functor (Cokleisli w a) Source # | |
Functor f => Functor (M1 i c f) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (f :.: g) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (Compose f g) | Since: base-4.9.0.0 |
Functor f => Functor (WhenMatched f k x y) | Since: containers-0.5.9 |
Defined in Data.Map.Internal fmap :: (a -> b) -> WhenMatched f k x y a -> WhenMatched f k x y b # (<$) :: a -> WhenMatched f k x y b -> WhenMatched f k x y a # |
(<$>) :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b infixl 4 #
An infix synonym for fmap
.
The name of this operator is an allusion to $
.
Note the similarities between their types:
($) :: (a -> b) -> a -> b (<$>) :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b
Whereas $
is function application, <$>
is function
application lifted over a Functor
.
Examples
Convert from a
to a Maybe
Int
using Maybe
String
show
:
>>>
show <$> Nothing
Nothing>>>
show <$> Just 3
Just "3"
Convert from an
to an
Either
Int
Int
Either
Int
String
using show
:
>>>
show <$> Left 17
Left 17>>>
show <$> Right 17
Right "17"
Double each element of a list:
>>>
(*2) <$> [1,2,3]
[2,4,6]
Apply even
to the second element of a pair:
>>>
even <$> (2,2)
(2,True)
($>) :: Functor f => f a -> b -> f b infixl 4 #
Flipped version of <$
.
Using ApplicativeDo
: 'as
' can be understood as the
$>
bdo
expression
do as pure b
with an inferred Functor
constraint.
Examples
Replace the contents of a
with a constant
Maybe
Int
String
:
>>>
Nothing $> "foo"
Nothing>>>
Just 90210 $> "foo"
Just "foo"
Replace the contents of an
with a constant Either
Int
Int
String
, resulting in an
:Either
Int
String
>>>
Left 8675309 $> "foo"
Left 8675309>>>
Right 8675309 $> "foo"
Right "foo"
Replace each element of a list with a constant String
:
>>>
[1,2,3] $> "foo"
["foo","foo","foo"]
Replace the second element of a pair with a constant String
:
>>>
(1,2) $> "foo"
(1,"foo")
Since: base-4.7.0.0