Copyright | (c) The University of Glasgow 2001-2009 |
---|---|
License | BSD-style (see the file LICENSE) |
Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org |
Stability | stable |
Portability | portable |
Safe Haskell | Safe |
Language | Haskell2010 |
This module provides overloaded functions, such as deepseq
and
rnf
, for fully evaluating data structures (that is, evaluating to
"Normal Form").
A typical use is to prevent resource leaks in lazy IO programs, by forcing all characters from a file to be read. For example:
import System.IO import Control.DeepSeq import Control.Exception (evaluate) readFile' :: FilePath -> IO String readFile' fn = do h <- openFile fn ReadMode s <- hGetContents h evaluate (rnf s) hClose h return s
Note: The example above should rather be written in terms of
bracket
to ensure releasing file-descriptors in
a timely matter (see the description of force
for an example).
deepseq
differs from seq
as it traverses data structures deeply,
for example, seq
will evaluate only to the first constructor in
the list:
> [1,2,undefined] `seq` 3 3
While deepseq
will force evaluation of all the list elements:
> [1,2,undefined] `deepseq` 3 *** Exception: Prelude.undefined
Another common use is to ensure any exceptions hidden within lazy fields of a data structure do not leak outside the scope of the exception handler, or to force evaluation of a data structure in one thread, before passing to another thread (preventing work moving to the wrong threads).
Since: 1.1.0.0
- class NFData a where
- deepseq :: NFData a => a -> b -> b
- force :: NFData a => a -> a
- ($!!) :: NFData a => (a -> b) -> a -> b
- (<$!!>) :: (Monad m, NFData b) => (a -> b) -> m a -> m b
- rwhnf :: a -> ()
- class NFData1 f where
- rnf1 :: (NFData1 f, NFData a) => f a -> ()
- class NFData2 p where
- rnf2 :: (NFData2 p, NFData a, NFData b) => p a b -> ()
NFData
class
A class of types that can be fully evaluated.
Since: 1.1.0.0
rnf
should reduce its argument to normal form (that is, fully
evaluate all sub-components), and then return '()'.
Generic
NFData
deriving
Starting with GHC 7.2, you can automatically derive instances
for types possessing a Generic
instance.
Note: Generic1
can be auto-derived starting with GHC 7.4
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-} import GHC.Generics (Generic, Generic1) import Control.DeepSeq data Foo a = Foo a String deriving (Eq, Generic, Generic1) instance NFData a => NFData (Foo a) instance NFData1 Foo data Colour = Red | Green | Blue deriving Generic instance NFData Colour
Starting with GHC 7.10, the example above can be written more
concisely by enabling the new DeriveAnyClass
extension:
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric, DeriveAnyClass #-} import GHC.Generics (Generic) import Control.DeepSeq data Foo a = Foo a String deriving (Eq, Generic, Generic1, NFData, NFData1) data Colour = Red | Green | Blue deriving (Generic, NFData)
Compatibility with previous deepseq
versions
Prior to version 1.4.0.0, the default implementation of the rnf
method was defined as
rnf
a =seq
a ()
However, starting with deepseq-1.4.0.0
, the default
implementation is based on DefaultSignatures
allowing for
more accurate auto-derived NFData
instances. If you need the
previously used exact default rnf
method implementation
semantics, use
instance NFData Colour where rnf x = seq x ()
or alternatively
instance NFData Colour where rnf = rwhnf
or
{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-} instance NFData Colour where rnf !_ = ()
rnf :: (Generic a, GNFData Zero (Rep a)) => a -> () Source #
rnf
should reduce its argument to normal form (that is, fully
evaluate all sub-components), and then return '()'.
Generic
NFData
deriving
Starting with GHC 7.2, you can automatically derive instances
for types possessing a Generic
instance.
Note: Generic1
can be auto-derived starting with GHC 7.4
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-} import GHC.Generics (Generic, Generic1) import Control.DeepSeq data Foo a = Foo a String deriving (Eq, Generic, Generic1) instance NFData a => NFData (Foo a) instance NFData1 Foo data Colour = Red | Green | Blue deriving Generic instance NFData Colour
Starting with GHC 7.10, the example above can be written more
concisely by enabling the new DeriveAnyClass
extension:
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric, DeriveAnyClass #-} import GHC.Generics (Generic) import Control.DeepSeq data Foo a = Foo a String deriving (Eq, Generic, Generic1, NFData, NFData1) data Colour = Red | Green | Blue deriving (Generic, NFData)
Compatibility with previous deepseq
versions
Prior to version 1.4.0.0, the default implementation of the rnf
method was defined as
rnf
a =seq
a ()
However, starting with deepseq-1.4.0.0
, the default
implementation is based on DefaultSignatures
allowing for
more accurate auto-derived NFData
instances. If you need the
previously used exact default rnf
method implementation
semantics, use
instance NFData Colour where rnf x = seq x ()
or alternatively
instance NFData Colour where rnf = rwhnf
or
{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-} instance NFData Colour where rnf !_ = ()
NFData Bool Source # | |
NFData Char Source # | |
NFData Double Source # | |
NFData Float Source # | |
NFData Int Source # | |
NFData Int8 Source # | |
NFData Int16 Source # | |
NFData Int32 Source # | |
NFData Int64 Source # | |
NFData Integer Source # | |
NFData Natural Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Ordering Source # | |
NFData Word Source # | |
NFData Word8 Source # | |
NFData Word16 Source # | |
NFData Word32 Source # | |
NFData Word64 Source # | |
NFData CallStack Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData () Source # | |
NFData TyCon Source # | NOTE: Only defined for Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Void Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Unique Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Version Source # | Since: 1.3.0.0 |
NFData ThreadId Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData ExitCode Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData TypeRep Source # | NOTE: Only defined for Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData All Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Any Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CChar Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CSChar Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUChar Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CShort Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUShort Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CInt Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUInt Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CLong Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CULong Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CLLong Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CULLong Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CBool Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData CFloat Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CDouble Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CPtrdiff Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CSize Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CWchar Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CSigAtomic Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CClock Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CTime Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUSeconds Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CSUSeconds Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CFile Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CFpos Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CJmpBuf Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CIntPtr Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUIntPtr Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CIntMax Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData CUIntMax Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData Fingerprint Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData SrcLoc Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData a => NFData [a] Source # | |
NFData a => NFData (Maybe a) Source # | |
NFData a => NFData (Ratio a) Source # | |
NFData (Ptr a) Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData (FunPtr a) Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Complex a) Source # | |
NFData (Fixed a) Source # | Since: 1.3.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Min a) Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Max a) Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData a => NFData (First a) Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Last a) Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData m => NFData (WrappedMonoid m) Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Option a) Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData a => NFData (NonEmpty a) Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData (StableName a) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (ZipList a) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Identity a) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData (IORef a) Source # | NOTE: Only strict in the reference and not the referenced value. Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Dual a) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Sum a) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Product a) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (First a) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Last a) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData a => NFData (Down a) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData (MVar a) Source # | NOTE: Only strict in the reference and not the referenced value. Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData (a -> b) Source # | This instance is for convenience and consistency with Since: 1.3.0.0 |
(NFData a, NFData b) => NFData (Either a b) Source # | |
(NFData a, NFData b) => NFData (a, b) Source # | |
(NFData a, NFData b) => NFData (Array a b) Source # | |
(NFData a, NFData b) => NFData (Arg a b) Source # | Since: 1.4.2.0 |
NFData (Proxy k a) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData (STRef s a) Source # | NOTE: Only strict in the reference and not the referenced value. Since: 1.4.2.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3) => NFData (a1, a2, a3) Source # | |
NFData a => NFData (Const k a b) Source # | Since: 1.4.0.0 |
NFData ((:~:) k a b) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4) Source # | |
(NFData1 f, NFData1 g, NFData a) => NFData (Product * f g a) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData1 f, NFData1 g, NFData a) => NFData (Sum * f g a) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData ((:~~:) k1 k2 a b) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5) Source # | |
(NFData1 f, NFData1 g, NFData a) => NFData (Compose * * f g a) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6) Source # | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7) Source # | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7, NFData a8) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8) Source # | |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7, NFData a8, NFData a9) => NFData (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9) Source # | |
Helper functions
deepseq :: NFData a => a -> b -> b Source #
deepseq
: fully evaluates the first argument, before returning the
second.
The name deepseq
is used to illustrate the relationship to seq
:
where seq
is shallow in the sense that it only evaluates the top
level of its argument, deepseq
traverses the entire data structure
evaluating it completely.
deepseq
can be useful for forcing pending exceptions,
eradicating space leaks, or forcing lazy I/O to happen. It is
also useful in conjunction with parallel Strategies (see the
parallel
package).
There is no guarantee about the ordering of evaluation. The
implementation may evaluate the components of the structure in
any order or in parallel. To impose an actual order on
evaluation, use pseq
from Control.Parallel in the
parallel
package.
Since: 1.1.0.0
force :: NFData a => a -> a Source #
a variant of deepseq
that is useful in some circumstances:
force x = x `deepseq` x
force x
fully evaluates x
, and then returns it. Note that
force x
only performs evaluation when the value of force x
itself is demanded, so essentially it turns shallow evaluation into
deep evaluation.
force
can be conveniently used in combination with ViewPatterns
:
{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns, ViewPatterns #-} import Control.DeepSeq someFun :: ComplexData -> SomeResult someFun (force -> !arg) = {- 'arg' will be fully evaluated -}
Another useful application is to combine force
with
evaluate
in order to force deep evaluation
relative to other IO
operations:
import Control.Exception (evaluate) import Control.DeepSeq main = do result <- evaluate $ force $ pureComputation {- 'result' will be fully evaluated at this point -} return ()
Finally, here's an exception safe variant of the readFile'
example:
readFile' :: FilePath -> IO String readFile' fn = bracket (openFile fn ReadMode) hClose $ \h -> evaluate . force =<< hGetContents h
Since: 1.2.0.0
($!!) :: NFData a => (a -> b) -> a -> b infixr 0 Source #
the deep analogue of $!
. In the expression f $!! x
, x
is
fully evaluated before the function f
is applied to it.
Since: 1.2.0.0
(<$!!>) :: (Monad m, NFData b) => (a -> b) -> m a -> m b infixl 4 Source #
Deeply strict version of <$>
.
Since: 1.4.3.0
Liftings of the NFData
class
For unary constructors
class NFData1 f where Source #
A class of functors that can be fully evaluated.
Since: 1.4.3.0
liftRnf :: (a -> ()) -> f a -> () Source #
liftRnf
should reduce its argument to normal form (that is, fully
evaluate all sub-components), given an argument to reduce a
arguments,
and then return '()'.
See rnf
for the generic deriving.
liftRnf :: (Generic1 f, GNFData One (Rep1 f)) => (a -> ()) -> f a -> () Source #
NFData1 [] Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Maybe Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Ratio Source # | Available on Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Ptr Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 FunPtr Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Fixed Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Min Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Max Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 First Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Last Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 WrappedMonoid Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Option Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 NonEmpty Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 StableName Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 ZipList Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Identity Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 IORef Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Dual Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Sum Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Product Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 First Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Last Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 Down Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 MVar Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData a => NFData1 (Either a) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData a => NFData1 ((,) a) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData a => NFData1 (Array a) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData a => NFData1 (Arg a) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 (Proxy *) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 (STRef s) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2) => NFData1 ((,,) a1 a2) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData a => NFData1 (Const * a) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 ((:~:) * a) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3) => NFData1 ((,,,) a1 a2 a3) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData1 f, NFData1 g) => NFData1 (Product * f g) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData1 f, NFData1 g) => NFData1 (Sum * f g) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData1 ((:~~:) k1 * a) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4) => NFData1 ((,,,,) a1 a2 a3 a4) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData1 f, NFData1 g) => NFData1 (Compose * * f g) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5) => NFData1 ((,,,,,) a1 a2 a3 a4 a5) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6) => NFData1 ((,,,,,,) a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7) => NFData1 ((,,,,,,,) a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7, NFData a8) => NFData1 ((,,,,,,,,) a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
rnf1 :: (NFData1 f, NFData a) => f a -> () Source #
Lift the standard rnf
function through the type constructor.
Since: 1.4.3.0
For binary constructors
class NFData2 p where Source #
A class of bifunctors that can be fully evaluated.
Since: 1.4.3.0
NFData2 Either Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData2 (,) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData2 Array Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData2 Arg Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData2 STRef Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData a1 => NFData2 ((,,) a1) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData2 (Const *) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData2 ((:~:) *) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2) => NFData2 ((,,,) a1 a2) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
NFData2 ((:~~:) * *) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3) => NFData2 ((,,,,) a1 a2 a3) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4) => NFData2 ((,,,,,) a1 a2 a3 a4) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5) => NFData2 ((,,,,,,) a1 a2 a3 a4 a5) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6) => NFData2 ((,,,,,,,) a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |
(NFData a1, NFData a2, NFData a3, NFData a4, NFData a5, NFData a6, NFData a7) => NFData2 ((,,,,,,,,) a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7) Source # | Since: 1.4.3.0 |