Graphics.EasyRender

This module provides efficient functions for rendering vector graphics to a number of formats, including EPS, PostScript, and PDF. It provides an abstraction for multi-page documents, as well as a set of graphics primitives for page descriptions.

The graphics model is similar to that of the PostScript and PDF languages, but we only implement a subset of their functionality. Care has been taken that graphics rendering is done efficiently and as lazily as possible; documents are rendered "on the fly", without the need to store the whole document in memory.

The provided document description model consists of two separate layers of abstraction:

• drawing is concerned with placing marks on a fixed surface, and takes place in the Draw monad;
• document structure is concerned with a sequence of pages, their bounding boxes, and other meta-data. It takes place in the Document monad.

Types

Coordinates

type X = Double

The type of x-coordinates.

type Y = Double

The type of y-coordinates.

Color

data Color

The type of colors.

Constructors

Color_RGB Double Double Double

Red, green and blue components, in the range from 0.0 (dark) to 1.0 (bright).

Color_Gray Double

Gray value, in the range from 0.0 (black) to 1.0 (white).

Instances

Show Color

Methods

showsPrec :: Int -> Color -> ShowS

show :: Color -> String

showList :: [Color] -> ShowS

Fonts

data Basefont

A enumeration type for base fonts. For the time being, we only offer TimesRoman and Helvetica.

Constructors

TimesRoman

Helvetica

Instances

Show Basefont

Methods

showsPrec :: Int -> Basefont -> ShowS

show :: Basefont -> String

showList :: [Basefont] -> ShowS

data Font

A data type describing a scaled font. This consists of a base font and a point size.

Constructors

Font Basefont Double

Instances

Show Font

Methods

showsPrec :: Int -> Font -> ShowS

show :: Font -> String

showList :: [Font] -> ShowS

nominalsize :: Font -> Double

Return the nominal point size of a font.

text_width :: Font -> String -> Double

Return the width of the given string in the given font.

Alignment

type Alignment = Double

A real number representing text alignment. 0 = left aligned, 0.5 = centered, 1 = right aligned. Intermediate values are also possible. For example, an alignment value of 0.25 means one quarter of the way between left aligned and right aligned.

align_left :: Alignment

Left alignment.

align_center :: Alignment

Centered alignment.

align_right :: Alignment

Right alignment.

The Document monad

Document description takes place in the Document monad. A basic multi-page document has the following structure:

document :: Document ()
document = do
  newpage x y $ do
    <<<drawing commands>>>
  newpage x y $ do
    <<<drawing commands>>>
  ...

Here, each newpage command describes one page of the document. The parameters x and y specify the dimensions of the page bounding box. They are expressed in units of PostScript points, i.e., multiples of 1/72 inch.

Sometimes the bounding box for a page is not known until after the page content has been generated. For this purpose, we also provide the following alternative to the newpage command:

  newpage_defer $ do
    <<<drawing commands>>>
    endpage x y

It works just like the newpage command, except that the bounding box is given at the end.

data Document a

The Document monad.

Instances

Monad Document

Methods

(>>=) :: Document a -> (a -> Document b) -> Document b

(>>) :: Document a -> Document b -> Document b

return :: a -> Document a

fail :: String -> Document a

Functor Document

Methods

fmap :: (a -> b) -> Document a -> Document b

(<$) :: a -> Document b -> Document a

Applicative Document

Methods

pure :: a -> Document a

(<*>) :: Document (a -> b) -> Document a -> Document b

(*>) :: Document a -> Document b -> Document b

(<*) :: Document a -> Document b -> Document a

newpage :: X -> Y -> Draw a -> Document a

Create a page of the given bounding box, containing the given drawing.

newpage_defer :: Draw (X, Y, a) -> Document a

Create a page containing the given drawing, with the bounding box computed at the end of the drawing routines.

endpage :: X -> Y -> Draw (X, Y, ())

End the page with the given bounding box.

The Draw monad

The description of the visible content of a page take place in the Draw monad. It takes the form of a sequence of drawing commands, for example:

    moveto 10 10
    lineto 10 100
    lineto 100 100
    lineto 100 10
    closepath
    stroke

The graphics model is similar to that of the PostScript and PDF languages. The basic concept is that of a path, which is a sequence of straight and curved line segments. Paths are first constructed using path construction commands, and then painted using painting commands, depending on a set of current graphics parameters and a current coordinate system.

We also provide block structure. Changes to the graphics state (color, coordinate system, etc.) that are done within a block are local to the block.

    block $ do
      <<drawing commands>>

data Draw a

The Draw monad.

Instances

Monad Draw

Methods

(>>=) :: Draw a -> (a -> Draw b) -> Draw b

(>>) :: Draw a -> Draw b -> Draw b

return :: a -> Draw a

fail :: String -> Draw a

Functor Draw

Methods

fmap :: (a -> b) -> Draw a -> Draw b

(<$) :: a -> Draw b -> Draw a

Applicative Draw

Methods

pure :: a -> Draw a

(<*>) :: Draw (a -> b) -> Draw a -> Draw b

(*>) :: Draw a -> Draw b -> Draw b

(<*) :: Draw a -> Draw b -> Draw a

Show a => Show (Draw a)

Methods

showsPrec :: Int -> Draw a -> ShowS

show :: Draw a -> String

showList :: [Draw a] -> ShowS

Path construction commands

During path construction, there is a notion of current path and current point. A path may consist of zero or more connected subpaths, and each subpath is either open or closed.

newpath :: Draw ()

Set the current path to empty.

moveto :: X -> Y -> Draw ()

Start a new subpath at (x,y). The point (x,y) becomes the current point.

lineto :: X -> Y -> Draw ()

Extend the current subpath by a straight line segment from the current point to (x,y). The point (x,y) becomes the current point.

curveto :: X -> Y -> X -> Y -> X -> Y -> Draw ()

curveto x1 y1 x2 y2 x y: Extend the current subpath by a Bezier curve segment from the current point to (x,y), with control points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). The point (x,y) becomes the current point.

closepath :: Draw ()

Close the current subpath. If necessary, connect the subpath's final and initial points by a straight line segment. Note that a closed path is rendered differently than a non-closed path whose initial and final points coincide, because in the latter case, the endpoints are capped rather than mitered.

arc :: X -> Y -> Double -> Double -> Double -> Draw ()

Start a new subpath consisting of a circular arc segment. The arc segment is centered at (x,y), has radius r, and extends from angle a1 to angle a2, measured in degrees, counterclockwise from the x-axis. The arc is drawn counterclockwise if a2 ≥ a1, and clockwise otherwise. The final point becomes the new current point.

arc_append :: X -> Y -> Double -> Double -> Double -> Draw ()

Like arc, except append to the current subpath. If necessary, add a straight line segment from the current point to the starting point of the arc.

oval :: X -> Y -> X -> Y -> Draw ()

Append a new closed subpath consisting of an oval centered at (x,y), with horizontal and vertical radii rx and ry, respectively.

rectangle :: X -> Y -> X -> Y -> Draw ()

rectangle x y w h: Draw a rectangle of width w and height h, starting from (x,y). If w and h are positive, then (x,y) is the lower left corner.

Painting commands

stroke :: Draw ()

Stroke the current path, using the current line color, line width, and other graphics parameters. This operation implicitly resets the current path to empty.

fill :: Color -> Draw ()

Fill the current path, using the given color. This operation implicitly resets the current path to empty.

fillstroke :: Color -> Draw ()

Fill the current path, using the given color; also stroke the path using the current line color. This operation implicitly resets the current path to empty.

Clipping path

clip :: Draw ()

Use the current path as a clipping path. The non-zero winding number determines which points lie "inside" the path. All subsequent drawing operations only paint inside the clipping path. This operation implicitly resets the curent path to empty. There is no way to undo this operation, except by enclosing it in the local block.

Text commands

textbox :: Alignment -> Font -> Color -> X -> Y -> X -> Y -> Double -> String -> Draw ()

textbox a f c x0 y0 x1 y1 b s: Write the given string on an imaginary line from point (x0,y0) to (x1,y1), using font f and color c. If the text is too wide to fit on the line, it is scaled down. Otherwise, it is aligned according to the alignment parameter a. The parameter b specifies an additional offset by which to lower the text, with respect to the text's nominal size. For example, if b=0, then the above-mentioned imaginary line from (x0,y0) to (x1,y1) coincides with the text's usual baseline. If b=0.5, then this line approximately goes through the center of each character.

Graphics parameters

The painting commands rely on a set of graphics parameters. The graphics parameters are initially set to default values, and can be altered with the following commands.

setlinewidth :: Double -> Draw ()

Set the line width. The initial line width is 1.

setcolor :: Color -> Draw ()

Set the current color for stroking. The initial stroke color is black.

Coordinate system

Coordinates, lengths, widths, etc, are all interpreted relative to a current coordinate system. The initial coordinate system of each page has the origin in the lower left corner, with each unit equaling one PostScript point (1/72 inch). The following commands can be used to change the current coordinate system.

translate :: X -> Y -> Draw ()

Translate the current coordinate system by (x,y).

scale :: X -> Y -> Draw ()

Scale the current coordinate system by (s,t). Here, s is the scaling factor in the x-direction, and t is the scaling factor in the y-direction.

Comments

comment :: String -> Draw ()

Insert a human-readable comment in the content stream. This is for information only, and is not rendered in the graphical output.

Block structure

Drawing operations can be grouped into blocks with the block operator. Changes to the graphics parameters and coordinate system are local to the block. It is undefined whether changes to the current path made within a block persist after the end of the block (they do in PDF, but not in PostScript). Therefore, path construction should not be broken up across end-of-block boundaries.

block :: Draw a -> Draw a

Perform a block of commands in a local copy of the graphics state. This is intended to be used like this:

    block $ do
      <<drawing commands>>

Backends

The following commands can be used to render documents to various available formats. The available formats are PostScript, PDF, EPS, and an ASCII-based debugging format. Output can be written to standard output, to a file, or to a string.

data RenderFormat

Available graphics formats for rendering.

Constructors

Format_PS

PostScript.

Format_PDF

Portable Document Format.

Format_EPS Integer

Encapsulated PostScript. The integer argument specifies which single page to extract from the document.

Format_Debug

An ASCII-based debugging format.

Instances

Show RenderFormat

Methods

showsPrec :: Int -> RenderFormat -> ShowS

show :: RenderFormat -> String

showList :: [RenderFormat] -> ShowS

render_stdout :: RenderFormat -> Document a -> IO a

Render a document to standard output, using the given output format.

render_file :: Handle -> RenderFormat -> Document a -> IO a

Render a document to a file, using the given output format.

render_string :: RenderFormat -> Document a -> String

Render a document to a string, using the given output format.

Customization

The document and drawing abstractions provided by this module are purposely kept general-purpose, and do not include application-specific features. However, we provide a mechanism by which applications can provide customized drawing commands and other custom features.

Custom drawing commands

It is sometimes useful to use customized drawing commands. For example, an application that draws many rectangles might like to define a custom rectangle function for appending a rectangle to the current path. Of course this can be defined as an ordinary Haskell function, using elementary drawing commands:

my_rect :: X -> Y -> X -> Y -> Draw ()
my_rect x0 y0 x1 y1 = do
  moveto x0 y0
  lineto x0 y1
  lineto x1 y1
  lineto x1 y0
  closepath

However, sometimes it is nice to make use of specialized abilities of individual backends. For example, PDF already has a built-in rectangle drawing command, and PostScript has the ability to define custom subroutines within the document text. Using these features can decrease the size of the generated documents.

We therefore provide a facility for defining new drawing commands with backend-specific implementations. For example, a more general version of the above my_rect function can be defined as follows:

my_rect :: X -> Y -> X -> Y -> Draw ()
my_rect x0 y0 x1 y1 = draw_subroutine alt $ do
  moveto x0 y0
  lineto x0 y1
  lineto x1 y1
  lineto x1 y0
  closepath
 where
  alt = [
    custom_ps $      printf "%f %f %f %f rect\n" x0 y0 x1 y1,
    custom_pdf $     printf "%f %f %f %f re\n" x0 y0 (x1-x0) (y1-y0),
    custom_ascii $   printf "My_rect %f %f %f %f\n" x0 y0 x1 y1
    ]

The idea is to provide a default definition in terms of primitive drawing commands, as well as a list of various backend specific definitions. In the case of PostScript subroutines, the PostScript file must then also be supplied with a definition for the rect subroutine, which can be done with the command render_ps_custom:

my_ps_defs = "/rect { ... } bind def\n"

my_render_ps = render_ps_custom custom { ps_defs = my_ps_defs }

Note that the draw_subroutine customization mechanism is entirely optional. Its purpose is to generate shorter output for some backends; if it is omitted, the file may be be longer but should look the same.

draw_subroutine :: [CustomDef] -> Draw () -> Draw ()

Create a new subroutine.

custom_ps :: String -> CustomDef

Define a custom PostScript definition.

custom_pdf :: String -> CustomDef

Define a custom PDF definition.

custom_ascii :: String -> CustomDef

Define a custom ASCII definition.

Customization interface

data Custom

A data structure that holds application-specific meta-data and customization information.

Constructors

Custom

Fields

• creator :: String

  Name of the software that created the file. Example: "MyApp 1.0". Note: this is intended to hold the name of the software, not the human user, that created the document.

• ps_defs :: String

  Definitions to go in the PostScript preamble.

custom :: Custom

An empty customization structure. Customizations should be specified by modifying custom, for example:

custom { creator = "MyApp 1.0" }

Customized rendering functions

The following are versions of the generic rendering functions that also take a customization data structure as an additional parameter.

render_custom_stdout :: RenderFormat -> Custom -> Document a -> IO a

Render a document to standard output, using the given output format and customization data structure.

render_custom_file :: Handle -> RenderFormat -> Custom -> Document a -> IO a

Render a document to a file, using the given output format and customization data structure.

render_custom_string :: RenderFormat -> Custom -> Document a -> String

Render a document to a string, using the given output format and customization data structure.