Control.Effect.NonDet

An effect modelling nondeterminism with choice and failure.

Nondeterministic operations are encapsulated by the Alternative class, where empty represents failure and <|> represents choice. This module re-exports the Alternative interface. If you can't or don't want to use Alternative, you can use the empty and <|> operations (from Control.Effect.Empty and Control.Effect.Choose respectively) directly, as the NonDet effect is the composition of Choose and Empty.

Predefined carriers:

• Control.Carrier.NonDet.Church, which collects all branches' results using an Alternative functor.
• If NonDet is the last effect in a stack, it can be interpreted directly into a [].

Since: 0.1.0.0

NonDet effects

type NonDet = Empty :+: Choose

The nondeterminism effect is the composition of Empty and Choose effects.

Since: 0.1.0.0

data Choose (m :: Type -> Type) k where

Since: 1.0.0.0

Constructors

Choose :: Choose m Bool

Instances

Algebra Choose NonEmpty

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n NonEmpty -> Choose n a -> ctx () -> NonEmpty (ctx a)

Algebra NonDet []

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n [] -> NonDet n a -> ctx () -> [ctx a]

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Choose :+: sig) (ChooseC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Choose.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (ChooseC m) -> (Choose :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> ChooseC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (NonDet :+: sig) (NonDetC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.NonDet.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (NonDetC m) -> (NonDet :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> NonDetC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Cut :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) (CutC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Cut.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (CutC m) -> (Cut :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) n a -> ctx () -> CutC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Cull :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) (CullC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Cull.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (CullC m) -> (Cull :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) n a -> ctx () -> CullC m (ctx a)

data Empty (m :: Type -> Type) k where

Since: 1.0.0.0

Constructors

Empty :: Empty m a

Instances

Algebra Empty Maybe

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n Maybe -> Empty n a -> ctx () -> Maybe (ctx a)

Algebra NonDet []

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n [] -> NonDet n a -> ctx () -> [ctx a]

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Empty :+: sig) (MaybeT m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (MaybeT m) -> (Empty :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> MaybeT m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Empty :+: sig) (EmptyC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Empty.Maybe

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (EmptyC m) -> (Empty :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> EmptyC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Empty :+: sig) (EmptyC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Empty.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (EmptyC m) -> (Empty :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> EmptyC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (NonDet :+: sig) (NonDetC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.NonDet.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (NonDetC m) -> (NonDet :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> NonDetC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Cut :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) (CutC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Cut.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (CutC m) -> (Cut :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) n a -> ctx () -> CutC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Cull :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) (CullC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Cull.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (CullC m) -> (Cull :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) n a -> ctx () -> CullC m (ctx a)

oneOf :: (Foldable t, Alternative m) => t a -> m a

Nondeterministically choose an element from a Foldable collection. This can be used to emulate the style of nondeterminism associated with programming in the list monad:

  pythagoreanTriples = do
    a <- oneOf [1..10]
    b <- oneOf [1..10]
    c <- oneOf [1..10]
    guard (a^2 + b^2 == c^2)
    pure (a, b, c)

Since: 1.0.0.0

foldMapA :: (Foldable t, Alternative m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m b

Map a Foldable collection of values into a nondeterministic computation using the supplied action.

Since: 1.0.0.0

Re-exports

class Applicative f => Alternative (f :: Type -> Type) where

A monoid on applicative functors.

If defined, some and many should be the least solutions of the equations:

• some v = (:) <$> v <*> many v

• many v = some v <|> pure []

Minimal complete definition

empty, (<|>)

Methods

empty :: f a

The identity of <|>

(<|>) :: f a -> f a -> f a infixl 3

An associative binary operation

some :: f a -> f [a]

One or more.

many :: f a -> f [a]

Zero or more.

Instances

Alternative []

Since: base-2.1

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

empty :: [a]

(<|>) :: [a] -> [a] -> [a]

some :: [a] -> [[a]]

many :: [a] -> [[a]]

Alternative Maybe

Since: base-2.1

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

empty :: Maybe a

(<|>) :: Maybe a -> Maybe a -> Maybe a

some :: Maybe a -> Maybe [a]

many :: Maybe a -> Maybe [a]

Alternative IO

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

empty :: IO a

(<|>) :: IO a -> IO a -> IO a

some :: IO a -> IO [a]

many :: IO a -> IO [a]

Alternative Option

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

empty :: Option a

(<|>) :: Option a -> Option a -> Option a

some :: Option a -> Option [a]

many :: Option a -> Option [a]

Alternative ZipList

Since: base-4.11.0.0

Defined in Control.Applicative

Methods

empty :: ZipList a

(<|>) :: ZipList a -> ZipList a -> ZipList a

some :: ZipList a -> ZipList [a]

many :: ZipList a -> ZipList [a]

Alternative ReadP

Since: base-4.6.0.0

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP

Methods

empty :: ReadP a

(<|>) :: ReadP a -> ReadP a -> ReadP a

some :: ReadP a -> ReadP [a]

many :: ReadP a -> ReadP [a]

Alternative P

Since: base-4.5.0.0

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP

Methods

empty :: P a

(<|>) :: P a -> P a -> P a

some :: P a -> P [a]

many :: P a -> P [a]

Alternative (U1 :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

empty :: U1 a

(<|>) :: U1 a -> U1 a -> U1 a

some :: U1 a -> U1 [a]

many :: U1 a -> U1 [a]

MonadPlus m => Alternative (WrappedMonad m)

Since: base-2.1

Defined in Control.Applicative

Methods

empty :: WrappedMonad m a

(<|>) :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m a

some :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m [a]

many :: WrappedMonad m a -> WrappedMonad m [a]

ArrowPlus a => Alternative (ArrowMonad a)

Since: base-4.6.0.0

Defined in Control.Arrow

Methods

empty :: ArrowMonad a a0

(<|>) :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0

some :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a [a0]

many :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a [a0]

Alternative (Proxy :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in Data.Proxy

Methods

empty :: Proxy a

(<|>) :: Proxy a -> Proxy a -> Proxy a

some :: Proxy a -> Proxy [a]

many :: Proxy a -> Proxy [a]

(Functor m, Monad m) => Alternative (MaybeT m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

empty :: MaybeT m a

(<|>) :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a

some :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m [a]

many :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (TraceC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Trace.Printing

Methods

empty :: TraceC m a

(<|>) :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m a -> TraceC m a

some :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m [a]

many :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (TraceC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Trace.Ignoring

Methods

empty :: TraceC m a

(<|>) :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m a -> TraceC m a

some :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m [a]

many :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m [a]

(Alternative m, Monad m) => Alternative (TraceC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Trace.Returning

Methods

empty :: TraceC m a

(<|>) :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m a -> TraceC m a

some :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m [a]

many :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m [a]

Alternative (NonDetC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.NonDet.Church

Methods

empty :: NonDetC m a

(<|>) :: NonDetC m a -> NonDetC m a -> NonDetC m a

some :: NonDetC m a -> NonDetC m [a]

many :: NonDetC m a -> NonDetC m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (LiftC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Lift

Methods

empty :: LiftC m a

(<|>) :: LiftC m a -> LiftC m a -> LiftC m a

some :: LiftC m a -> LiftC m [a]

many :: LiftC m a -> LiftC m [a]

(Alternative m, Monad m) => Alternative (FreshC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Fresh.Strict

Methods

empty :: FreshC m a

(<|>) :: FreshC m a -> FreshC m a -> FreshC m a

some :: FreshC m a -> FreshC m [a]

many :: FreshC m a -> FreshC m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (FreshC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Fresh.Church

Methods

empty :: FreshC m a

(<|>) :: FreshC m a -> FreshC m a -> FreshC m a

some :: FreshC m a -> FreshC m [a]

many :: FreshC m a -> FreshC m [a]

(Alternative m, Monad m) => Alternative (FailC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Fail.Either

Methods

empty :: FailC m a

(<|>) :: FailC m a -> FailC m a -> FailC m a

some :: FailC m a -> FailC m [a]

many :: FailC m a -> FailC m [a]

Alternative (CutC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Cut.Church

Methods

empty :: CutC m a

(<|>) :: CutC m a -> CutC m a -> CutC m a

some :: CutC m a -> CutC m [a]

many :: CutC m a -> CutC m [a]

Alternative (CullC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Cull.Church

Methods

empty :: CullC m a

(<|>) :: CullC m a -> CullC m a -> CullC m a

some :: CullC m a -> CullC m [a]

many :: CullC m a -> CullC m [a]

Alternative f => Alternative (Rec1 f)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

empty :: Rec1 f a

(<|>) :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f a

some :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f [a]

many :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f [a]

(ArrowZero a, ArrowPlus a) => Alternative (WrappedArrow a b)

Since: base-2.1

Defined in Control.Applicative

Methods

empty :: WrappedArrow a b a0

(<|>) :: WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b a0

some :: WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b [a0]

many :: WrappedArrow a b a0 -> WrappedArrow a b [a0]

Alternative f => Alternative (Ap f)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Defined in Data.Monoid

Methods

empty :: Ap f a

(<|>) :: Ap f a -> Ap f a -> Ap f a

some :: Ap f a -> Ap f [a]

many :: Ap f a -> Ap f [a]

Alternative f => Alternative (Alt f)

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

empty :: Alt f a

(<|>) :: Alt f a -> Alt f a -> Alt f a

some :: Alt f a -> Alt f [a]

many :: Alt f a -> Alt f [a]

(Monoid w, Alternative m) => Alternative (WriterT w m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Strict

Methods

empty :: WriterT w m a

(<|>) :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a

some :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m [a]

many :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m [a]

(Monoid w, Alternative m) => Alternative (WriterT w m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Lazy

Methods

empty :: WriterT w m a

(<|>) :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a

some :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m [a]

many :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m [a]

(Functor m, MonadPlus m) => Alternative (StateT s m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict

Methods

empty :: StateT s m a

(<|>) :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m a

some :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m [a]

many :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m [a]

(Functor m, MonadPlus m) => Alternative (StateT s m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Lazy

Methods

empty :: StateT s m a

(<|>) :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m a

some :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m [a]

many :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (IdentityT m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Identity

Methods

empty :: IdentityT m a

(<|>) :: IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m a

some :: IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m [a]

many :: IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m [a]

(Functor m, Monad m, Monoid e) => Alternative (ExceptT e m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

empty :: ExceptT e m a

(<|>) :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a

some :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m [a]

many :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m [a]

(Alternative m, Monad m) => Alternative (StateC s m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.State.Strict

Methods

empty :: StateC s m a

(<|>) :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m a -> StateC s m a

some :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m [a]

many :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m [a]

(Alternative m, Monad m) => Alternative (WriterC w m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Writer.Strict

Methods

empty :: WriterC w m a

(<|>) :: WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m a

some :: WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m [a]

many :: WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m [a]

(Alternative m, Monad m) => Alternative (StateC s m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.State.Lazy

Methods

empty :: StateC s m a

(<|>) :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m a -> StateC s m a

some :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m [a]

many :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (StateC s m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.State.Church

Methods

empty :: StateC s m a

(<|>) :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m a -> StateC s m a

some :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m [a]

many :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (WriterC w m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Writer.Church

Methods

empty :: WriterC w m a

(<|>) :: WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m a

some :: WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m [a]

many :: WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (ReaderC r m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Reader

Methods

empty :: ReaderC r m a

(<|>) :: ReaderC r m a -> ReaderC r m a -> ReaderC r m a

some :: ReaderC r m a -> ReaderC r m [a]

many :: ReaderC r m a -> ReaderC r m [a]

(Alternative m, Monad m) => Alternative (ErrorC e m)

ErrorC passes Alternative operations along to the underlying monad m, rather than combining errors à la ExceptT.

Defined in Control.Carrier.Error.Either

Methods

empty :: ErrorC e m a

(<|>) :: ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m a

some :: ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m [a]

many :: ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m [a]

(Alternative m, Monad m) => Alternative (ThrowC e m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Throw.Either

Methods

empty :: ThrowC e m a

(<|>) :: ThrowC e m a -> ThrowC e m a -> ThrowC e m a

some :: ThrowC e m a -> ThrowC e m [a]

many :: ThrowC e m a -> ThrowC e m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (ErrorC e m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Error.Church

Methods

empty :: ErrorC e m a

(<|>) :: ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m a

some :: ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m [a]

many :: ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m [a]

(Alternative f, Alternative g) => Alternative (f :*: g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

empty :: (f :*: g) a

(<|>) :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) a

some :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) [a]

many :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (ReaderT r m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Reader

Methods

empty :: ReaderT r m a

(<|>) :: ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m a

some :: ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m [a]

many :: ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (InterpretC s sig m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Interpret

Methods

empty :: InterpretC s sig m a

(<|>) :: InterpretC s sig m a -> InterpretC s sig m a -> InterpretC s sig m a

some :: InterpretC s sig m a -> InterpretC s sig m [a]

many :: InterpretC s sig m a -> InterpretC s sig m [a]

Alternative f => Alternative (M1 i c f)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

empty :: M1 i c f a

(<|>) :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f a

some :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f [a]

many :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f [a]

(Alternative f, Applicative g) => Alternative (f :.: g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

empty :: (f :.: g) a

(<|>) :: (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) a

some :: (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) [a]

many :: (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) [a]

(Alternative f, Applicative g) => Alternative (Compose f g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in Data.Functor.Compose

Methods

empty :: Compose f g a

(<|>) :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g a -> Compose f g a

some :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g [a]

many :: Compose f g a -> Compose f g [a]

(Monoid w, Functor m, MonadPlus m) => Alternative (RWST r w s m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Strict

Methods

empty :: RWST r w s m a

(<|>) :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a

some :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m [a]

many :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m [a]

(Monoid w, Functor m, MonadPlus m) => Alternative (RWST r w s m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Lazy

Methods

empty :: RWST r w s m a

(<|>) :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a

some :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m [a]

many :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m [a]

Alternative m => Alternative (UnderLabel label sub m)

Defined in Control.Effect.Labelled

Methods

empty :: UnderLabel label sub m a

(<|>) :: UnderLabel label sub m a -> UnderLabel label sub m a -> UnderLabel label sub m a

some :: UnderLabel label sub m a -> UnderLabel label sub m [a]

many :: UnderLabel label sub m a -> UnderLabel label sub m [a]

Alternative (sub m) => Alternative (Labelled label sub m)

Defined in Control.Effect.Labelled

Methods

empty :: Labelled label sub m a

(<|>) :: Labelled label sub m a -> Labelled label sub m a -> Labelled label sub m a

some :: Labelled label sub m a -> Labelled label sub m [a]

many :: Labelled label sub m a -> Labelled label sub m [a]

class Monad m => Algebra sig m | m -> sig

The class of carriers (results) for algebras (effect handlers) over signatures (effects), whose actions are given by the alg method.

Since: 1.0.0.0

Minimal complete definition

alg

Instances

Algebra Choose NonEmpty

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n NonEmpty -> Choose n a -> ctx () -> NonEmpty (ctx a)

Algebra Empty Maybe

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n Maybe -> Empty n a -> ctx () -> Maybe (ctx a)

Algebra NonDet []

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n [] -> NonDet n a -> ctx () -> [ctx a]

Algebra sig m => Algebra sig (Alt m)

This instance permits effectful actions to be lifted into the Alt monad, which eases the invocation of repeated alternation with <|>:

a <|> b <|> c <|> d

is equivalent to

getAlt (mconcat [a, b, c, d])

Since: 1.0.1.0

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (Alt m) -> sig n a -> ctx () -> Alt m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra sig (Ap m)

This instance permits effectful actions to be lifted into the Ap monad given a monoidal return type, which can provide clarity when chaining calls to mappend.

mappend <$> act1 <*> (mappend <$> act2 <*> act3)

is equivalent to

getAp (act1 <> act2 <> act3)

Since: 1.0.1.0

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (Ap m) -> sig n a -> ctx () -> Ap m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra sig (IdentityT m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (IdentityT m) -> sig n a -> ctx () -> IdentityT m (ctx a)

Algebra (Lift IO) IO

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n IO -> Lift IO n a -> ctx () -> IO (ctx a)

Algebra (Lift Identity) Identity

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n Identity -> Lift Identity n a -> ctx () -> Identity (ctx a)

Monad m => Algebra (Lift m) (LiftC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Lift

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (LiftC m) -> Lift m n a -> ctx () -> LiftC m (ctx a)

Algebra (Error e) (Either e)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (Either e) -> Error e n a -> ctx () -> Either e (ctx a)

Monoid w => Algebra (Writer w) ((,) w)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n ((,) w) -> Writer w n a -> ctx () -> (w, ctx a)

Algebra (Reader r) ((->) r :: Type -> Type)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n ((->) r) -> Reader r n a -> ctx () -> r -> ctx a

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Choose :+: sig) (ChooseC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Choose.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (ChooseC m) -> (Choose :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> ChooseC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Empty :+: sig) (MaybeT m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (MaybeT m) -> (Empty :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> MaybeT m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Empty :+: sig) (EmptyC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Empty.Maybe

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (EmptyC m) -> (Empty :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> EmptyC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Empty :+: sig) (EmptyC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Empty.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (EmptyC m) -> (Empty :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> EmptyC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (NonDet :+: sig) (NonDetC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.NonDet.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (NonDetC m) -> (NonDet :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> NonDetC m (ctx a)

(MonadIO m, Algebra sig m) => Algebra (Trace :+: sig) (TraceC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Trace.Printing

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (TraceC m) -> (Trace :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> TraceC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Trace :+: sig) (TraceC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Trace.Ignoring

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (TraceC m) -> (Trace :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> TraceC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Trace :+: sig) (TraceC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Trace.Returning

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (TraceC m) -> (Trace :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> TraceC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Fail :+: sig) (FailC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Fail.Either

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (FailC m) -> (Fail :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> FailC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Fresh :+: sig) (FreshC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Fresh.Strict

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (FreshC m) -> (Fresh :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> FreshC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Fresh :+: sig) (FreshC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Fresh.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (FreshC m) -> (Fresh :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> FreshC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Cut :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) (CutC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Cut.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (CutC m) -> (Cut :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) n a -> ctx () -> CutC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Cull :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) (CullC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Cull.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (CullC m) -> (Cull :+: (NonDet :+: sig)) n a -> ctx () -> CullC m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Reader r :+: sig) (ReaderC r m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Reader

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (ReaderC r m) -> (Reader r :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> ReaderC r m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (State s :+: sig) (StateT s m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (StateT s m) -> (State s :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> StateT s m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (State s :+: sig) (StateT s m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (StateT s m) -> (State s :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> StateT s m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (State s :+: sig) (StateC s m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.State.Strict

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (StateC s m) -> (State s :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> StateC s m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (State s :+: sig) (StateC s m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.State.Lazy

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (StateC s m) -> (State s :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> StateC s m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (State s :+: sig) (StateC s m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.State.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (StateC s m) -> (State s :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> StateC s m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Throw e :+: sig) (ThrowC e m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Throw.Either

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (ThrowC e m) -> (Throw e :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> ThrowC e m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Error e :+: sig) (ExceptT e m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (ExceptT e m) -> (Error e :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> ExceptT e m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Error e :+: sig) (ErrorC e m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Error.Either

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (ErrorC e m) -> (Error e :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> ErrorC e m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Error e :+: sig) (ErrorC e m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Error.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (ErrorC e m) -> (Error e :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> ErrorC e m (ctx a)

(Algebra sig m, Monoid w) => Algebra (Writer w :+: sig) (WriterT w m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (WriterT w m) -> (Writer w :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> WriterT w m (ctx a)

(Algebra sig m, Monoid w) => Algebra (Writer w :+: sig) (WriterT w m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (WriterT w m) -> (Writer w :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> WriterT w m (ctx a)

(Monoid w, Algebra sig m) => Algebra (Writer w :+: sig) (WriterC w m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Writer.Strict

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (WriterC w m) -> (Writer w :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> WriterC w m (ctx a)

(Algebra sig m, Monoid w) => Algebra (Writer w :+: sig) (WriterC w m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Writer.Church

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (WriterC w m) -> (Writer w :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> WriterC w m (ctx a)

(Reifies s (Interpreter eff m), Algebra sig m) => Algebra (eff :+: sig) (InterpretC s eff m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Interpret

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (InterpretC s eff m) -> (eff :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> InterpretC s eff m (ctx a)

Algebra sig m => Algebra (Reader r :+: sig) (ReaderT r m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (ReaderT r m) -> (Reader r :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> ReaderT r m (ctx a)

(LabelledMember label sub sig, Algebra sig m) => Algebra (sub :+: sig) (UnderLabel label sub m)

Defined in Control.Effect.Labelled

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (UnderLabel label sub m) -> (sub :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> UnderLabel label sub m (ctx a)

(Algebra sig m, Monoid w) => Algebra (Reader r :+: (Writer w :+: (State s :+: sig))) (RWST r w s m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (RWST r w s m) -> (Reader r :+: (Writer w :+: (State s :+: sig))) n a -> ctx () -> RWST r w s m (ctx a)

(Algebra sig m, Monoid w) => Algebra (Reader r :+: (Writer w :+: (State s :+: sig))) (RWST r w s m)

Defined in Control.Algebra

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (RWST r w s m) -> (Reader r :+: (Writer w :+: (State s :+: sig))) n a -> ctx () -> RWST r w s m (ctx a)

Algebra (eff :+: sig) (sub m) => Algebra (Labelled label eff :+: sig) (Labelled label sub m)

Defined in Control.Effect.Labelled

Methods

alg :: Functor ctx => Handler ctx n (Labelled label sub m) -> (Labelled label eff :+: sig) n a -> ctx () -> Labelled label sub m (ctx a)

type Has eff sig m = (Members eff sig, Algebra sig m)

m is a carrier for sig containing eff.

Note that if eff is a sum, it will be decomposed into multiple Member constraints. While this technically allows one to combine multiple unrelated effects into a single Has constraint, doing so has two significant drawbacks:

1. Due to a problem with recursive type families, this can lead to significantly slower compiles.
2. It defeats ghc’s warnings for redundant constraints, and thus can lead to a proliferation of redundant constraints as code is changed.

Since: 1.0.0.0

class (Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (m :: Type -> Type) where

Monads that also support choice and failure.

Minimal complete definition

Nothing

Methods

mzero :: m a

The identity of mplus. It should also satisfy the equations

mzero >>= f  =  mzero
v >> mzero   =  mzero

The default definition is

mzero = empty

mplus :: m a -> m a -> m a

An associative operation. The default definition is

mplus = (<|>)

Instances

MonadPlus []

Since: base-2.1

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mzero :: [a]

mplus :: [a] -> [a] -> [a]

MonadPlus Maybe

Since: base-2.1

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mzero :: Maybe a

mplus :: Maybe a -> Maybe a -> Maybe a

MonadPlus IO

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Base

Methods

mzero :: IO a

mplus :: IO a -> IO a -> IO a

MonadPlus Option

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in Data.Semigroup

Methods

mzero :: Option a

mplus :: Option a -> Option a -> Option a

MonadPlus ReadP

Since: base-2.1

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP

Methods

mzero :: ReadP a

mplus :: ReadP a -> ReadP a -> ReadP a

MonadPlus P

Since: base-2.1

Defined in Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP

Methods

mzero :: P a

mplus :: P a -> P a -> P a

MonadPlus (U1 :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mzero :: U1 a

mplus :: U1 a -> U1 a -> U1 a

(ArrowApply a, ArrowPlus a) => MonadPlus (ArrowMonad a)

Since: base-4.6.0.0

Defined in Control.Arrow

Methods

mzero :: ArrowMonad a a0

mplus :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0

MonadPlus (Proxy :: Type -> Type)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in Data.Proxy

Methods

mzero :: Proxy a

mplus :: Proxy a -> Proxy a -> Proxy a

Monad m => MonadPlus (MaybeT m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Maybe

Methods

mzero :: MaybeT m a

mplus :: MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a -> MaybeT m a

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (TraceC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Trace.Printing

Methods

mzero :: TraceC m a

mplus :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m a -> TraceC m a

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (TraceC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Trace.Ignoring

Methods

mzero :: TraceC m a

mplus :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m a -> TraceC m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (TraceC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Trace.Returning

Methods

mzero :: TraceC m a

mplus :: TraceC m a -> TraceC m a -> TraceC m a

MonadPlus (NonDetC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.NonDet.Church

Methods

mzero :: NonDetC m a

mplus :: NonDetC m a -> NonDetC m a -> NonDetC m a

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (LiftC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Lift

Methods

mzero :: LiftC m a

mplus :: LiftC m a -> LiftC m a -> LiftC m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (FreshC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Fresh.Strict

Methods

mzero :: FreshC m a

mplus :: FreshC m a -> FreshC m a -> FreshC m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (FreshC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Fresh.Church

Methods

mzero :: FreshC m a

mplus :: FreshC m a -> FreshC m a -> FreshC m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (FailC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Fail.Either

Methods

mzero :: FailC m a

mplus :: FailC m a -> FailC m a -> FailC m a

MonadPlus (CutC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Cut.Church

Methods

mzero :: CutC m a

mplus :: CutC m a -> CutC m a -> CutC m a

MonadPlus (CullC m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Cull.Church

Methods

mzero :: CullC m a

mplus :: CullC m a -> CullC m a -> CullC m a

MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Rec1 f)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mzero :: Rec1 f a

mplus :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f a

MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Ap f)

Since: base-4.12.0.0

Defined in Data.Monoid

Methods

mzero :: Ap f a

mplus :: Ap f a -> Ap f a -> Ap f a

MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Alt f)

Since: base-4.8.0.0

Defined in Data.Semigroup.Internal

Methods

mzero :: Alt f a

mplus :: Alt f a -> Alt f a -> Alt f a

(Monoid w, MonadPlus m) => MonadPlus (WriterT w m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Strict

Methods

mzero :: WriterT w m a

mplus :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a

(Monoid w, MonadPlus m) => MonadPlus (WriterT w m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Writer.Lazy

Methods

mzero :: WriterT w m a

mplus :: WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a -> WriterT w m a

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (StateT s m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict

Methods

mzero :: StateT s m a

mplus :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m a

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (StateT s m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.State.Lazy

Methods

mzero :: StateT s m a

mplus :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m a

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (IdentityT m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Identity

Methods

mzero :: IdentityT m a

mplus :: IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m a -> IdentityT m a

(Monad m, Monoid e) => MonadPlus (ExceptT e m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Except

Methods

mzero :: ExceptT e m a

mplus :: ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a -> ExceptT e m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (StateC s m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.State.Strict

Methods

mzero :: StateC s m a

mplus :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m a -> StateC s m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (WriterC w m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Writer.Strict

Methods

mzero :: WriterC w m a

mplus :: WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (StateC s m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.State.Lazy

Methods

mzero :: StateC s m a

mplus :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m a -> StateC s m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (StateC s m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.State.Church

Methods

mzero :: StateC s m a

mplus :: StateC s m a -> StateC s m a -> StateC s m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (WriterC w m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Writer.Church

Methods

mzero :: WriterC w m a

mplus :: WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m a -> WriterC w m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (ReaderC r m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Reader

Methods

mzero :: ReaderC r m a

mplus :: ReaderC r m a -> ReaderC r m a -> ReaderC r m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (ErrorC e m)

ErrorC passes MonadPlus operations along to the underlying monad m, rather than combining errors à la ExceptT.

Defined in Control.Carrier.Error.Either

Methods

mzero :: ErrorC e m a

mplus :: ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (ThrowC e m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Throw.Either

Methods

mzero :: ThrowC e m a

mplus :: ThrowC e m a -> ThrowC e m a -> ThrowC e m a

(Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (ErrorC e m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Error.Church

Methods

mzero :: ErrorC e m a

mplus :: ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m a -> ErrorC e m a

(MonadPlus f, MonadPlus g) => MonadPlus (f :*: g)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mzero :: (f :*: g) a

mplus :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) a

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (ReaderT r m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.Reader

Methods

mzero :: ReaderT r m a

mplus :: ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m a -> ReaderT r m a

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (InterpretC s sig m)

Defined in Control.Carrier.Interpret

Methods

mzero :: InterpretC s sig m a

mplus :: InterpretC s sig m a -> InterpretC s sig m a -> InterpretC s sig m a

MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (M1 i c f)

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Defined in GHC.Generics

Methods

mzero :: M1 i c f a

mplus :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f a

(Monoid w, MonadPlus m) => MonadPlus (RWST r w s m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Strict

Methods

mzero :: RWST r w s m a

mplus :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a

(Monoid w, MonadPlus m) => MonadPlus (RWST r w s m)

Defined in Control.Monad.Trans.RWS.Lazy

Methods

mzero :: RWST r w s m a

mplus :: RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a -> RWST r w s m a

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (UnderLabel label sub m)

Defined in Control.Effect.Labelled

Methods

mzero :: UnderLabel label sub m a

mplus :: UnderLabel label sub m a -> UnderLabel label sub m a -> UnderLabel label sub m a

MonadPlus (sub m) => MonadPlus (Labelled label sub m)

Defined in Control.Effect.Labelled

Methods

mzero :: Labelled label sub m a

mplus :: Labelled label sub m a -> Labelled label sub m a -> Labelled label sub m a

guard :: Alternative f => Bool -> f ()

Conditional failure of Alternative computations. Defined by

guard True  = pure ()
guard False = empty

Examples

Common uses of guard include conditionally signaling an error in an error monad and conditionally rejecting the current choice in an Alternative-based parser.

As an example of signaling an error in the error monad Maybe, consider a safe division function safeDiv x y that returns Nothing when the denominator y is zero and Just (x `div` y) otherwise. For example:

>>> safeDiv 4 0
Nothing
>>> safeDiv 4 2
Just 2

A definition of safeDiv using guards, but not guard:

safeDiv :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
safeDiv x y | y /= 0    = Just (x `div` y)
            | otherwise = Nothing

A definition of safeDiv using guard and Monad do-notation:

safeDiv :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
safeDiv x y = do
  guard (y /= 0)
  return (x `div` y)

optional :: Alternative f => f a -> f (Maybe a)

One or none.

run :: Identity a -> a

Run an action exhausted of effects to produce its final result value.

Since: 1.0.0.0