CoreUtils

Commonly useful utilites for manipulating the Core language

Constructing expressions

mkCast :: CoreExpr -> Coercion -> CoreExpr

Wrap the given expression in the coercion safely, dropping identity coercions and coalescing nested coercions

mkTick :: Tickish Id -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr

Wraps the given expression in the source annotation, dropping the annotation if possible.

mkTicks :: [Tickish Id] -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr

mkTickNoHNF :: Tickish Id -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr

tickHNFArgs :: Tickish Id -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr

bindNonRec :: Id -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr

bindNonRec x r b produces either:

let x = r in b

or:

case r of x { _DEFAULT_ -> b }

depending on whether we have to use a case or let binding for the expression (see needsCaseBinding). It's used by the desugarer to avoid building bindings that give Core Lint a heart attack, although actually the simplifier deals with them perfectly well. See also mkCoreLet

needsCaseBinding :: Type -> CoreExpr -> Bool

Tests whether we have to use a case rather than let binding for this expression as per the invariants of CoreExpr: see CoreSyn

mkAltExpr

Arguments

:: AltCon

Case alternative constructor

-> [CoreBndr]

Things bound by the pattern match

-> [Type]

The type arguments to the case alternative

-> CoreExpr

This guy constructs the value that the scrutinee must have given that you are in one particular branch of a case

Taking expressions apart

findDefault :: [(AltCon, [a], b)] -> ([(AltCon, [a], b)], Maybe b)

Extract the default case alternative

addDefault :: [(AltCon, [a], b)] -> Maybe b -> [(AltCon, [a], b)]

findAlt :: AltCon -> [(AltCon, a, b)] -> Maybe (AltCon, a, b)

Find the case alternative corresponding to a particular constructor: panics if no such constructor exists

isDefaultAlt :: (AltCon, a, b) -> Bool

mergeAlts :: [(AltCon, a, b)] -> [(AltCon, a, b)] -> [(AltCon, a, b)]

Merge alternatives preserving order; alternatives in the first argument shadow ones in the second

trimConArgs :: AltCon -> [CoreArg] -> [CoreArg]

Given:

case (C a b x y) of
       C b x y -> ...

We want to drop the leading type argument of the scrutinee leaving the arguments to match against the pattern

filterAlts

Arguments

:: TyCon

Type constructor of scrutinee's type (used to prune possibilities)

-> [Type]

And its type arguments

-> [AltCon]

imposs_cons: constructors known to be impossible due to the form of the scrutinee

-> [(AltCon, [Var], a)]

Alternatives

-> ([AltCon], [(AltCon, [Var], a)])

combineIdenticalAlts :: [AltCon] -> [CoreAlt] -> (Bool, [AltCon], [CoreAlt])

refineDefaultAlt :: [Unique] -> TyCon -> [Type] -> [AltCon] -> [CoreAlt] -> (Bool, [CoreAlt])

Properties of expressions

exprType :: CoreExpr -> Type

Recover the type of a well-typed Core expression. Fails when applied to the actual Type expression as it cannot really be said to have a type

coreAltType :: CoreAlt -> Type

Returns the type of the alternatives right hand side

coreAltsType :: [CoreAlt] -> Type

Returns the type of the first alternative, which should be the same as for all alternatives

isExprLevPoly :: CoreExpr -> Bool

Is this expression levity polymorphic? This should be the same as saying (isKindLevPoly . typeKind . exprType) but much faster.

exprIsDupable :: DynFlags -> CoreExpr -> Bool

exprIsTrivial :: CoreExpr -> Bool

getIdFromTrivialExpr :: CoreExpr -> Id

exprIsBottom :: CoreExpr -> Bool

getIdFromTrivialExpr_maybe :: CoreExpr -> Maybe Id

exprIsCheap :: CoreExpr -> Bool

exprIsExpandable :: CoreExpr -> Bool

exprIsCheapX :: CheapAppFun -> CoreExpr -> Bool

type CheapAppFun = Id -> Arity -> Bool

exprIsHNF :: CoreExpr -> Bool

exprIsHNF returns true for expressions that are certainly already evaluated to head normal form. This is used to decide whether it's ok to change:

case x of _ -> e

into:

e

and to decide whether it's safe to discard a seq.

So, it does not treat variables as evaluated, unless they say they are. However, it does treat partial applications and constructor applications as values, even if their arguments are non-trivial, provided the argument type is lifted. For example, both of these are values:

(:) (f x) (map f xs)
map (...redex...)

because seq on such things completes immediately.

For unlifted argument types, we have to be careful:

C (f x :: Int#)

Suppose f x diverges; then C (f x) is not a value. However this can't happen: see CoreSyn. This invariant states that arguments of unboxed type must be ok-for-speculation (or trivial).

exprOkForSpeculation :: CoreExpr -> Bool

exprOkForSpeculation returns True of an expression that is:

• Safe to evaluate even if normal order eval might not evaluate the expression at all, or
• Safe not to evaluate even if normal order would do so

It is usually called on arguments of unlifted type, but not always In particular, Simplify.rebuildCase calls it on lifted types when a 'case' is a plain seq. See the example in Note [exprOkForSpeculation: case expressions] below

Precisely, it returns True iff: a) The expression guarantees to terminate, b) soon, c) without causing a write side effect (e.g. writing a mutable variable) d) without throwing a Haskell exception e) without risking an unchecked runtime exception (array out of bounds, divide by zero)

For exprOkForSideEffects the list is the same, but omitting (e).

Note that exprIsHNF implies exprOkForSpeculation exprOkForSpeculation implies exprOkForSideEffects

See Note [PrimOp can_fail and has_side_effects] in PrimOp and Note [Transformations affected by can_fail and has_side_effects]

As an example of the considerations in this test, consider:

let x = case y# +# 1# of { r# -> I# r# }
in E

being translated to:

case y# +# 1# of { r# ->
   let x = I# r#
   in E
}

We can only do this if the y + 1 is ok for speculation: it has no side effects, and can't diverge or raise an exception.

exprOkForSideEffects :: CoreExpr -> Bool

exprOkForSpeculation returns True of an expression that is:

• Safe to evaluate even if normal order eval might not evaluate the expression at all, or
• Safe not to evaluate even if normal order would do so

It is usually called on arguments of unlifted type, but not always In particular, Simplify.rebuildCase calls it on lifted types when a 'case' is a plain seq. See the example in Note [exprOkForSpeculation: case expressions] below

Precisely, it returns True iff: a) The expression guarantees to terminate, b) soon, c) without causing a write side effect (e.g. writing a mutable variable) d) without throwing a Haskell exception e) without risking an unchecked runtime exception (array out of bounds, divide by zero)

For exprOkForSideEffects the list is the same, but omitting (e).

Note that exprIsHNF implies exprOkForSpeculation exprOkForSpeculation implies exprOkForSideEffects

See Note [PrimOp can_fail and has_side_effects] in PrimOp and Note [Transformations affected by can_fail and has_side_effects]

As an example of the considerations in this test, consider:

let x = case y# +# 1# of { r# -> I# r# }
in E

being translated to:

case y# +# 1# of { r# ->
   let x = I# r#
   in E
}

We can only do this if the y + 1 is ok for speculation: it has no side effects, and can't diverge or raise an exception.

exprIsWorkFree :: CoreExpr -> Bool

exprIsBig :: Expr b -> Bool

Returns True of expressions that are too big to be compared by cheapEqExpr

exprIsConLike :: CoreExpr -> Bool

Similar to exprIsHNF but includes CONLIKE functions as well as data constructors. Conlike arguments are considered interesting by the inliner.

rhsIsStatic :: Platform -> (Name -> Bool) -> (Integer -> CoreExpr) -> CoreExpr -> Bool

This function is called only on *top-level* right-hand sides. Returns True if the RHS can be allocated statically in the output, with no thunks involved at all.

isCheapApp :: CheapAppFun

isExpandableApp :: CheapAppFun

exprIsTickedString :: CoreExpr -> Bool

Check if the expression is zero or more Ticks wrapped around a literal string.

exprIsTickedString_maybe :: CoreExpr -> Maybe ByteString

Extract a literal string from an expression that is zero or more Ticks wrapped around a literal string. Returns Nothing if the expression has a different shape. Used to "look through" Ticks in places that need to handle literal strings.

exprIsTopLevelBindable :: CoreExpr -> Type -> Bool

Can we bind this CoreExpr at the top level?

altsAreExhaustive :: [Alt b] -> Bool

Equality

cheapEqExpr :: Expr b -> Expr b -> Bool

A cheap equality test which bales out fast! If it returns True the arguments are definitely equal, otherwise, they may or may not be equal.

See also exprIsBig

cheapEqExpr' :: (Tickish Id -> Bool) -> Expr b -> Expr b -> Bool

Cheap expression equality test, can ignore ticks by type.

eqExpr :: InScopeSet -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr -> Bool

diffExpr :: Bool -> RnEnv2 -> CoreExpr -> CoreExpr -> [SDoc]

Finds differences between core expressions, modulo alpha and renaming. Setting top means that the IdInfo of bindings will be checked for differences as well.

diffBinds :: Bool -> RnEnv2 -> [(Var, CoreExpr)] -> [(Var, CoreExpr)] -> ([SDoc], RnEnv2)

Finds differences between core bindings, see diffExpr.

The main problem here is that while we expect the binds to have the same order in both lists, this is not guaranteed. To do this properly we'd either have to do some sort of unification or check all possible mappings, which would be seriously expensive. So instead we simply match single bindings as far as we can. This leaves us just with mutually recursive and/or mismatching bindings, which we then speculatively match by ordering them. It's by no means perfect, but gets the job done well enough.

Eta reduction

tryEtaReduce :: [Var] -> CoreExpr -> Maybe CoreExpr

Manipulating data constructors and types

exprToType :: CoreExpr -> Type

If the expression is a Type, converts. Otherwise, panics. NB: This does not convert Coercion to CoercionTy.

exprToCoercion_maybe :: CoreExpr -> Maybe Coercion

If the expression is a Coercion, converts.

applyTypeToArgs :: CoreExpr -> Type -> [CoreExpr] -> Type

A more efficient version of applyTypeToArg when we have several arguments. The first argument is just for debugging, and gives some context

applyTypeToArg :: Type -> CoreExpr -> Type

Determines the type resulting from applying an expression with given type to a given argument expression

dataConRepInstPat :: [Unique] -> DataCon -> [Type] -> ([TyVar], [Id])

dataConRepFSInstPat :: [FastString] -> [Unique] -> DataCon -> [Type] -> ([TyVar], [Id])

isEmptyTy :: Type -> Bool

True if the type has no non-bottom elements, e.g. when it is an empty datatype, or a GADT with non-satisfiable type parameters, e.g. Int :~: Bool. See Note [Bottoming expressions]

See Note [No alternatives lint check] for another use of this function.

Working with ticks

stripTicksTop :: (Tickish Id -> Bool) -> Expr b -> ([Tickish Id], Expr b)

Strip ticks satisfying a predicate from top of an expression

stripTicksTopE :: (Tickish Id -> Bool) -> Expr b -> Expr b

Strip ticks satisfying a predicate from top of an expression, returning the remaining expression

stripTicksTopT :: (Tickish Id -> Bool) -> Expr b -> [Tickish Id]

Strip ticks satisfying a predicate from top of an expression, returning the ticks

stripTicksE :: (Tickish Id -> Bool) -> Expr b -> Expr b

Completely strip ticks satisfying a predicate from an expression. Note this is O(n) in the size of the expression!

stripTicksT :: (Tickish Id -> Bool) -> Expr b -> [Tickish Id]

StaticPtr

collectMakeStaticArgs :: CoreExpr -> Maybe (CoreExpr, Type, CoreExpr, CoreExpr)

collectMakeStaticArgs (makeStatic t srcLoc e) yields Just (makeStatic, t, srcLoc, e).

Returns Nothing for every other expression.

Join points

isJoinBind :: CoreBind -> Bool

Does this binding bind a join point (or a recursive group of join points)?