| Copyright | (c) 2009-2012 Bryan O'Sullivan |
|---|---|
| License | BSD3 |
| Maintainer | bos@serpentine.com |
| Stability | experimental |
| Portability | portable |
| Safe Haskell | Safe-Inferred |
| Language | Haskell2010 |
System.Random.MWC
Description
Pseudo-random number generation using Marsaglia's MWC256, (also
known as MWC8222) multiply-with-carry generator, which has a period
of \(2^{8222}\) and fares well in tests of randomness. It is also
extremely fast, between 2 and 3 times faster than the Mersenne
Twister. There are two representation of generator: Gen which is
generator that uses in-place mutation and Seed which is immutable
snapshot of generator's state.
Initialization
Generator could be initialized in several ways. One is to obtain
randomness from operating system using createSystemRandom,
createSystemSeed or withSystemRandomST (All examples assume
that System.Random.Stateful is imported)
>>>g <- createSystemRandom>>>uniformM g :: IO Int...
>>>withSystemRandomST $ \g -> uniformM g :: IO Int...
Deterministically create generator from given seed using
initialize function:
>>>import Data.Int>>>import qualified Data.Vector.Unboxed as U>>>import System.Random.Stateful>>>g <- initialize $ U.fromList [1,2,3]>>>uniformRM (1,200) g :: IO Int64101
Last way is to create generator with fixed seed which could be useful in testing
>>>g <- create>>>uniformM g :: IO Int-8765701622605876598
Generation of random numbers
Recommended way of generating random numbers in simple cases like
generating uniformly distributed random number in range or value
uniformly distributed in complete type domain is to use
UniformRange and Uniform type classes. Note that while small
self-contained examples usually require explicit annotations
usually result type could be inferred.
This example simulates 20 throws of fair 6-sided dice:
>>>g <- create>>>replicateM 20 $ uniformRM (1, 6::Integer) g[3,4,3,1,4,6,1,6,1,4,2,2,3,2,4,2,5,1,3,5]
For generating full range of possible values one could use
uniformM. This example generates 10 random bytes, or equivalently
10 throws of 256-sided dice:
>>>g <- create>>>replicateM 10 $ uniformM g :: IO [Word8][209,138,126,150,165,15,69,203,155,146]
There are special functions for generation of Doubles and @Float
in unit interval: uniformDouble01M,
uniformDoublePositive01M, uniformFloat01M,
uniformFloatPositive01M:
>>>uniformDouble01M =<< create0.5248103628705498>>>uniformFloat01M =<< create0.5248104
For normal distribution and others see modules
System.Random.MWC.Distributions and
System.Random.MWC.CondensedTable. Note that they could be used
with any other generator implementing StatefulGen API
There're special cases for generating random vectors and bytestrings. For example in order to generate random 10-byte sequences as unboxed vector or bytestring:
>>>g <- create>>>uniformVector g 10 :: IO (U.Vector Word8)[209,138,126,150,165,15,69,203,155,146]
>>>import qualified Data.ByteString as BS>>>g <- create>>>BS.unpack <$> uniformByteStringM 10 g[138,242,130,33,209,248,89,134,150,180]
Note that uniformByteStringM produces different result
from uniformVector since it uses PRNG's output more efficiently.
State handling
For repeatability, the state of the generator can be snapshotted
and replayed using the save and restore functions. Following
example shows how to save and restore generator:
>>>g <- create>>>replicateM_ 10 (uniformM g :: IO Word64)>>>s <- save g>>>uniformM g :: IO Word321771812561>>>uniformM =<< restore s :: IO Word321771812561
Synopsis
- data Gen s
- create :: PrimMonad m => m (Gen (PrimState m))
- initialize :: (PrimMonad m, Vector v Word32) => v Word32 -> m (Gen (PrimState m))
- createSystemSeed :: IO Seed
- createSystemRandom :: IO GenIO
- withSystemRandomST :: (forall s. Gen s -> ST s a) -> IO a
- type GenIO = Gen (PrimState IO)
- type GenST s = Gen (PrimState (ST s))
- asGenIO :: (GenIO -> IO a) -> GenIO -> IO a
- asGenST :: (GenST s -> ST s a) -> GenST s -> ST s a
- class Uniform a where
- uniformM :: StatefulGen g m => g -> m a
- class UniformRange a where
- uniformRM :: StatefulGen g m => (a, a) -> g -> m a
- class Variate a where
- uniformVector :: (PrimMonad m, StatefulGen g m, Uniform a, Vector v a) => g -> Int -> m (v a)
- data Seed
- fromSeed :: Seed -> Vector Word32
- toSeed :: Vector v Word32 => v Word32 -> Seed
- save :: PrimMonad m => Gen (PrimState m) -> m Seed
- restore :: PrimMonad m => Seed -> m (Gen (PrimState m))
- withSystemRandom :: PrimBase m => (Gen (PrimState m) -> m a) -> IO a
Gen: Pseudo-Random Number Generators
State of the pseudo-random number generator. It uses mutable state so same generator shouldn't be used from the different threads simultaneously.
Instances
| (s ~ PrimState m, PrimMonad m) => StatefulGen (Gen s) m Source # | Since: 0.15.0.0 |
Defined in System.Random.MWC Methods uniformWord32R :: Word32 -> Gen s -> m Word32 # uniformWord64R :: Word64 -> Gen s -> m Word64 # uniformWord8 :: Gen s -> m Word8 # uniformWord16 :: Gen s -> m Word16 # uniformWord32 :: Gen s -> m Word32 # uniformWord64 :: Gen s -> m Word64 # uniformShortByteString :: Int -> Gen s -> m ShortByteString # | |
create :: PrimMonad m => m (Gen (PrimState m)) Source #
Create a generator for variates using a fixed seed.
initialize :: (PrimMonad m, Vector v Word32) => v Word32 -> m (Gen (PrimState m)) Source #
Create a generator for variates using the given seed, of which up to 256 elements will be used. For arrays of less than 256 elements, part of the default seed will be used to finish initializing the generator's state.
Examples:
initialize (singleton 42)
initialize (fromList [4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42])
If a seed contains fewer than 256 elements, it is first used
verbatim, then its elements are xored against elements of the
default seed until 256 elements are reached.
If a seed contains exactly 258 elements, then the last two elements
are used to set the generator's initial state. This allows for
complete generator reproducibility, so that e.g. gen' == gen in
the following example:
gen' <-initialize.fromSeed=<<save
In the MWC algorithm, the carry value must be strictly smaller than the multiplicator (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply-with-carry). Hence, if a seed contains exactly 258 elements, the carry value, which is the last of the 258 values, is moduloed by the multiplicator.
Note that if the first carry value is strictly smaller than the multiplicator,
all subsequent carry values are also strictly smaller than the multiplicator
(a proof of this is in the comments of the code of uniformWord32), hence
when restoring a saved state, we have the guarantee that moduloing the saved
carry won't modify its value.
createSystemSeed :: IO Seed Source #
Generate random seed for generator using system's fast source of pseudo-random numbers.
Since: 0.15.0.0
createSystemRandom :: IO GenIO Source #
Seed a PRNG with data from the system's fast source of pseudo-random numbers.
withSystemRandomST :: (forall s. Gen s -> ST s a) -> IO a Source #
Seed PRNG with data from the system's fast source of pseudo-random numbers and execute computation in ST monad.
Since: 0.15.0.0
Type helpers
The functions in this package are deliberately written for
flexibility, and will run in both the IO and ST monads.
This can defeat the compiler's ability to infer a principal type in simple (and common) cases. For instance, we would like the following to work cleanly:
import System.Random.MWC import Data.Vector.Unboxed main = do v <- withSystemRandom $ \gen -> uniformVector gen 20 print (v :: Vector Int)
Unfortunately, the compiler cannot tell what monad uniformVector
should execute in. The "fix" of adding explicit type annotations
is not pretty:
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
import Control.Monad.ST
main = do
vs <- withSystemRandom $
\(gen::GenST s) -> uniformVector gen 20 :: ST s (Vector Int)
print vsAs a more readable alternative, this library provides asGenST and
asGenIO to constrain the types appropriately. We can get rid of
the explicit type annotations as follows:
main = do vs <- withSystemRandom . asGenST $ \gen -> uniformVector gen 20 print (vs :: Vector Int)
This is almost as compact as the original code that the compiler rejected.
asGenIO :: (GenIO -> IO a) -> GenIO -> IO a Source #
Constrain the type of an action to run in the IO monad.
asGenST :: (GenST s -> ST s a) -> GenST s -> ST s a Source #
Constrain the type of an action to run in the ST monad.
Variates: uniformly distributed values
The class of types for which a uniformly distributed value can be drawn from all possible values of the type.
Since: random-1.2.0
Minimal complete definition
Nothing
Methods
uniformM :: StatefulGen g m => g -> m a #
Generates a value uniformly distributed over all possible values of that type.
There is a default implementation via Generic:
>>>:set -XDeriveGeneric -XDeriveAnyClass>>>import GHC.Generics (Generic)>>>import System.Random.Stateful>>>data MyBool = MyTrue | MyFalse deriving (Show, Generic, Finite, Uniform)>>>data Action = Code MyBool | Eat (Maybe Bool) | Sleep deriving (Show, Generic, Finite, Uniform)>>>gen <- newIOGenM (mkStdGen 42)>>>uniformListM 10 gen :: IO [Action][Code MyTrue,Code MyTrue,Eat Nothing,Code MyFalse,Eat (Just False),Eat (Just True),Eat Nothing,Eat (Just False),Sleep,Code MyFalse]
Since: random-1.2.0
Instances
class UniformRange a where #
The class of types for which a uniformly distributed value can be drawn from a range.
Since: random-1.2.0
Methods
uniformRM :: StatefulGen g m => (a, a) -> g -> m a #
Generates a value uniformly distributed over the provided range, which is interpreted as inclusive in the lower and upper bound.
uniformRM (1 :: Int, 4 :: Int)generates values uniformly from the set \(\{1,2,3,4\}\)uniformRM (1 :: Float, 4 :: Float)generates values uniformly from the set \(\{x\;|\;1 \le x \le 4\}\)
The following law should hold to make the function always defined:
uniformRM (a, b) = uniformRM (b, a)
Since: random-1.2.0
Instances
class Variate a where Source #
NOTE: Consider use of more principled type classes
Uniform and UniformRange instead.
The class of types for which we can generate uniformly distributed random variates.
The uniform PRNG uses Marsaglia's MWC256 (also known as MWC8222) multiply-with-carry generator, which has a period of 2^8222 and fares well in tests of randomness. It is also extremely fast, between 2 and 3 times faster than the Mersenne Twister.
Note: Marsaglia's PRNG is not known to be cryptographically secure, so you should not use it for cryptographic operations.
Methods
uniform :: PrimMonad m => Gen (PrimState m) -> m a Source #
Generate a single uniformly distributed random variate. The range of values produced varies by type:
- For fixed-width integral types, the type's entire range is used.
- For floating point numbers, the range (0,1] is used. Zero is
explicitly excluded, to allow variates to be used in
statistical calculations that require non-zero values
(e.g. uses of the
logfunction).
To generate a Float variate with a range of [0,1), subtract
2**(-33). To do the same with Double variates, subtract
2**(-53).
uniformR :: PrimMonad m => (a, a) -> Gen (PrimState m) -> m a Source #
Generate single uniformly distributed random variable in a given range.
- For integral types inclusive range is used.
- For floating point numbers range (a,b] is used if one ignores rounding errors.
Instances
| Variate Int16 Source # | |
| Variate Int32 Source # | |
| Variate Int64 Source # | |
| Variate Int8 Source # | |
| Variate Word16 Source # | |
| Variate Word32 Source # | |
| Variate Word64 Source # | |
| Variate Word8 Source # | |
| Variate Bool Source # | |
| Variate Double Source # | |
| Variate Float Source # | |
| Variate Int Source # | |
| Variate Word Source # | |
| (Variate a, Variate b) => Variate (a, b) Source # | |
| (Variate a, Variate b, Variate c) => Variate (a, b, c) Source # | |
| (Variate a, Variate b, Variate c, Variate d) => Variate (a, b, c, d) Source # | |
uniformVector :: (PrimMonad m, StatefulGen g m, Uniform a, Vector v a) => g -> Int -> m (v a) Source #
Generate a vector of pseudo-random variates. This is not
necessarily faster than invoking uniform repeatedly in a loop,
but it may be more convenient to use in some situations.
Seed: state management
An immutable snapshot of the state of a Gen.
toSeed :: Vector v Word32 => v Word32 -> Seed Source #
Convert vector to Seed. It acts similarly to initialize and
will accept any vector. If you want to pass seed immediately to
restore you better call initialize directly since following law holds:
restore (toSeed v) = initialize v
Deprecated
withSystemRandom :: PrimBase m => (Gen (PrimState m) -> m a) -> IO a Source #
Deprecated: Use withSystemRandomST or createSystemSeed or createSystemRandom instead
Seed a PRNG with data from the system's fast source of pseudo-random numbers, then run the given action.
This function is unsafe and for example allows STRefs or any other mutable data structure to escape scope:
>>>ref <- withSystemRandom $ \_ -> newSTRef 1>>>withSystemRandom $ \_ -> modifySTRef ref succ >> readSTRef ref2>>>withSystemRandom $ \_ -> modifySTRef ref succ >> readSTRef ref3
References
- Marsaglia, G. (2003) Seeds for random number generators. Communications of the ACM 46(5):90–93. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/769800.769827
- Doornik, J.A. (2007) Conversion of high-period random numbers to floating point. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 17(1). http://www.doornik.com/research/randomdouble.pdf