Control.Monad.Trans.Resource

Allocate resources which are guaranteed to be released.

For more information, see https://www.fpcomplete.com/user/snoyberg/library-documentation/resourcet.

One point to note: all register cleanup actions live in the IO monad, not the main monad. This allows both more efficient code, and for monads to be transformed.

Data types

data ResourceT m a

The Resource transformer. This transformer keeps track of all registered actions, and calls them upon exit (via runResourceT). Actions may be registered via register, or resources may be allocated atomically via allocate. allocate corresponds closely to bracket.

Releasing may be performed before exit via the release function. This is a highly recommended optimization, as it will ensure that scarce resources are freed early. Note that calling release will deregister the action, so that a release action will only ever be called once.

Since 0.3.0

Instances

MMonad ResourceT

Since 0.4.7

Methods

embed :: Monad n => (forall a. m a -> ResourceT n a) -> ResourceT m b -> ResourceT n b

MonadTrans ResourceT

Methods

lift :: Monad m => m a -> ResourceT m a

MonadTransControl ResourceT

Associated Types

type StT (ResourceT :: (* -> *) -> * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftWith :: Monad m => (Run ResourceT -> m a) -> ResourceT m a

restoreT :: Monad m => m (StT ResourceT a) -> ResourceT m a

MonadRWS r w s m => MonadRWS r w s (ResourceT m)

MonadBase b m => MonadBase b (ResourceT m)

Methods

liftBase :: b α -> ResourceT m α

MonadBaseControl b m => MonadBaseControl b (ResourceT m)

Associated Types

type StM (ResourceT m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (ResourceT m) b -> b a) -> ResourceT m a

restoreM :: StM (ResourceT m) a -> ResourceT m a

MonadError e m => MonadError e (ResourceT m)

Methods

throwError :: e -> ResourceT m a

catchError :: ResourceT m a -> (e -> ResourceT m a) -> ResourceT m a

MonadReader r m => MonadReader r (ResourceT m)

Methods

ask :: ResourceT m r

local :: (r -> r) -> ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m a

reader :: (r -> a) -> ResourceT m a

MonadState s m => MonadState s (ResourceT m)

Methods

get :: ResourceT m s

put :: s -> ResourceT m ()

state :: (s -> (a, s)) -> ResourceT m a

MonadWriter w m => MonadWriter w (ResourceT m)

Methods

writer :: (a, w) -> ResourceT m a

tell :: w -> ResourceT m ()

listen :: ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m (a, w)

pass :: ResourceT m (a, w -> w) -> ResourceT m a

Monad m => Monad (ResourceT m)

Methods

(>>=) :: ResourceT m a -> (a -> ResourceT m b) -> ResourceT m b

(>>) :: ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m b -> ResourceT m b

return :: a -> ResourceT m a

fail :: String -> ResourceT m a

Functor m => Functor (ResourceT m)

Methods

fmap :: (a -> b) -> ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m b

(<$) :: a -> ResourceT m b -> ResourceT m a

MonadFix m => MonadFix (ResourceT m)

Since: 1.1.8

Methods

mfix :: (a -> ResourceT m a) -> ResourceT m a

Applicative m => Applicative (ResourceT m)

Methods

pure :: a -> ResourceT m a

(<*>) :: ResourceT m (a -> b) -> ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m b

(*>) :: ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m b -> ResourceT m b

(<*) :: ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m b -> ResourceT m a

MonadIO m => MonadIO (ResourceT m)

Methods

liftIO :: IO a -> ResourceT m a

Alternative m => Alternative (ResourceT m)

Since 1.1.5

Methods

empty :: ResourceT m a

(<|>) :: ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m a

some :: ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m [a]

many :: ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m [a]

MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (ResourceT m)

Since 1.1.5

Methods

mzero :: ResourceT m a

mplus :: ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m a

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (ResourceT m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> ResourceT m a

MonadCatch m => MonadCatch (ResourceT m)

Methods

catch :: Exception e => ResourceT m a -> (e -> ResourceT m a) -> ResourceT m a

MonadMask m => MonadMask (ResourceT m)

Methods

mask :: ((forall a. ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m a) -> ResourceT m b) -> ResourceT m b

uninterruptibleMask :: ((forall a. ResourceT m a -> ResourceT m a) -> ResourceT m b) -> ResourceT m b

MonadCont m => MonadCont (ResourceT m)

Methods

callCC :: ((a -> ResourceT m b) -> ResourceT m a) -> ResourceT m a

MonadUnliftIO m => MonadUnliftIO (ResourceT m)

Since: 1.1.10

Methods

askUnliftIO :: ResourceT m (UnliftIO (ResourceT m))

(MonadThrow m, MonadBase IO m, MonadIO m, Applicative m) => MonadResource (ResourceT m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> ResourceT m a

MFunctor * ResourceT

Since 0.4.7

Methods

hoist :: Monad m => (forall a. m a -> n a) -> t m b -> t n b

type StT ResourceT a

type StT ResourceT a = a

type StM (ResourceT m) a

type StM (ResourceT m) a = StM m a

type ResIO a = ResourceT IO a

Convenient alias for ResourceT IO.

data ReleaseKey

A lookup key for a specific release action. This value is returned by register and allocate, and is passed to release.

Since 0.3.0

Unwrap

runResourceT :: MonadBaseControl IO m => ResourceT m a -> m a

Unwrap a ResourceT transformer, and call all registered release actions.

Note that there is some reference counting involved due to resourceForkIO. If multiple threads are sharing the same collection of resources, only the last call to runResourceT will deallocate the resources.

Since 0.3.0

Special actions

resourceForkWith :: MonadBaseControl IO m => (IO () -> IO a) -> ResourceT m () -> ResourceT m a

Introduce a reference-counting scheme to allow a resource context to be shared by multiple threads. Once the last thread exits, all remaining resources will be released.

The first parameter is a function which will be used to create the thread, such as forkIO or async.

Note that abuse of this function will greatly delay the deallocation of registered resources. This function should be used with care. A general guideline:

If you are allocating a resource that should be shared by multiple threads, and will be held for a long time, you should allocate it at the beginning of a new ResourceT block and then call resourceForkWith from there.

Since: 1.1.9

resourceForkIO :: MonadBaseControl IO m => ResourceT m () -> ResourceT m ThreadId

Launch a new reference counted resource context using forkIO.

This is defined as resourceForkWith forkIO.

Since: 0.3.0

Monad transformation

transResourceT :: (m a -> n b) -> ResourceT m a -> ResourceT n b

Transform the monad a ResourceT lives in. This is most often used to strip or add new transformers to a stack, e.g. to run a ReaderT.

Note that this function is a slight generalization of hoist.

Since 0.3.0

joinResourceT :: ResourceT (ResourceT m) a -> ResourceT m a

This function mirrors join at the transformer level: it will collapse two levels of ResourceT into a single ResourceT.

Since 0.4.6

Registering/releasing

allocate

Arguments

:: MonadResource m

=> IO a

allocate

-> (a -> IO ())

free resource

-> m (ReleaseKey, a)

Perform some allocation, and automatically register a cleanup action.

This is almost identical to calling the allocation and then registering the release action, but this properly handles masking of asynchronous exceptions.

Since 0.3.0

register :: MonadResource m => IO () -> m ReleaseKey

Register some action that will be called precisely once, either when runResourceT is called, or when the ReleaseKey is passed to release.

Since 0.3.0

release :: MonadIO m => ReleaseKey -> m ()

Call a release action early, and deregister it from the list of cleanup actions to be performed.

Since 0.3.0

unprotect :: MonadIO m => ReleaseKey -> m (Maybe (IO ()))

Unprotect resource from cleanup actions; this allows you to send resource into another resourcet process and reregister it there. It returns an release action that should be run in order to clean resource or Nothing in case if resource is already freed.

Since 0.4.5

resourceMask :: MonadResource m => ((forall a. ResourceT IO a -> ResourceT IO a) -> ResourceT IO b) -> m b

Perform asynchronous exception masking.

This is more general then Control.Exception.mask, yet more efficient than Control.Exception.Lifted.mask.

Since 0.3.0

Type class/associated types

class (MonadThrow m, MonadIO m, Applicative m, MonadBase IO m) => MonadResource m where

A Monad which allows for safe resource allocation. In theory, any monad transformer stack which includes a ResourceT can be an instance of MonadResource.

Note: runResourceT has a requirement for a MonadBaseControl IO m monad, which allows control operations to be lifted. A MonadResource does not have this requirement. This means that transformers such as ContT can be an instance of MonadResource. However, the ContT wrapper will need to be unwrapped before calling runResourceT.

Since 0.3.0

Minimal complete definition

liftResourceT

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> m a

Lift a ResourceT IO action into the current Monad.

Since 0.4.0

Instances

MonadResource m => MonadResource (ListT m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> ListT m a

MonadResource m => MonadResource (MaybeT m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> MaybeT m a

(MonadThrow m, MonadBase IO m, MonadIO m, Applicative m) => MonadResource (ResourceT m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> ResourceT m a

(Monoid w, MonadResource m) => MonadResource (WriterT w m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> WriterT w m a

MonadResource m => MonadResource (StateT s m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> StateT s m a

MonadResource m => MonadResource (ExceptT e m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> ExceptT e m a

(Error e, MonadResource m) => MonadResource (ErrorT e m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> ErrorT e m a

MonadResource m => MonadResource (IdentityT * m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> IdentityT * m a

MonadResource m => MonadResource (StateT s m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> StateT s m a

(Monoid w, MonadResource m) => MonadResource (WriterT w m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> WriterT w m a

MonadResource m => MonadResource (ReaderT * r m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> ReaderT * r m a

MonadResource m => MonadResource (ContT * r m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> ContT * r m a

(Monoid w, MonadResource m) => MonadResource (RWST r w s m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> RWST r w s m a

(Monoid w, MonadResource m) => MonadResource (RWST r w s m)

Methods

liftResourceT :: ResourceT IO a -> RWST r w s m a

type MonadResourceBase m = (MonadBaseControl IO m, MonadThrow m, MonadBase IO m, MonadIO m, Applicative m)

A Monad which can be used as a base for a ResourceT.

A ResourceT has some restrictions on its base monad:

• runResourceT requires an instance of MonadBaseControl IO.
• MonadResource requires an instance of MonadThrow, MonadIO, and Applicative.

While any instance of MonadBaseControl IO should be an instance of the other classes, this is not guaranteed by the type system (e.g., you may have a transformer in your stack with does not implement MonadThrow). Ideally, we would like to simply create an alias for the five type classes listed, but this is not possible with GHC currently.

Instead, this typeclass acts as a proxy for the other five. Its only purpose is to make your type signatures shorter.

Note that earlier versions of conduit had a typeclass ResourceIO. This fulfills much the same role.

Since 0.3.2

Low-level

data InvalidAccess

Indicates either an error in the library, or misuse of it (e.g., a ResourceT's state is accessed after being released).

Since 0.3.0

Constructors

InvalidAccess

Fields

• functionName :: String

Instances

Show InvalidAccess

Methods

showsPrec :: Int -> InvalidAccess -> ShowS

show :: InvalidAccess -> String

showList :: [InvalidAccess] -> ShowS

Exception InvalidAccess

Methods

toException :: InvalidAccess -> SomeException

fromException :: SomeException -> Maybe InvalidAccess

displayException :: InvalidAccess -> String

Re-exports

class MonadBase b m => MonadBaseControl b m | m -> b

Writing instances

The usual way to write a MonadBaseControl instance for a transformer stack over a base monad B is to write an instance MonadBaseControl B B for the base monad, and MonadTransControl T instances for every transformer T. Instances for MonadBaseControl are then simply implemented using ComposeSt, defaultLiftBaseWith, defaultRestoreM.

Minimal complete definition

liftBaseWith, restoreM

Instances

MonadBaseControl [] []

Associated Types

type StM ([] :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase [] [] -> [a]) -> [a]

restoreM :: StM [] a -> [a]

MonadBaseControl Maybe Maybe

Associated Types

type StM (Maybe :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase Maybe Maybe -> Maybe a) -> Maybe a

restoreM :: StM Maybe a -> Maybe a

MonadBaseControl IO IO

Associated Types

type StM (IO :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase IO IO -> IO a) -> IO a

restoreM :: StM IO a -> IO a

MonadBaseControl Identity Identity

Associated Types

type StM (Identity :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase Identity Identity -> Identity a) -> Identity a

restoreM :: StM Identity a -> Identity a

MonadBaseControl STM STM

Associated Types

type StM (STM :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase STM STM -> STM a) -> STM a

restoreM :: StM STM a -> STM a

MonadBaseControl b m => MonadBaseControl b (MaybeT m)

Associated Types

type StM (MaybeT m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (MaybeT m) b -> b a) -> MaybeT m a

restoreM :: StM (MaybeT m) a -> MaybeT m a

MonadBaseControl b m => MonadBaseControl b (ListT m)

Associated Types

type StM (ListT m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (ListT m) b -> b a) -> ListT m a

restoreM :: StM (ListT m) a -> ListT m a

MonadBaseControl b m => MonadBaseControl b (ResourceT m)

Associated Types

type StM (ResourceT m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (ResourceT m) b -> b a) -> ResourceT m a

restoreM :: StM (ResourceT m) a -> ResourceT m a

(Monoid w, MonadBaseControl b m) => MonadBaseControl b (WriterT w m)

Associated Types

type StM (WriterT w m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (WriterT w m) b -> b a) -> WriterT w m a

restoreM :: StM (WriterT w m) a -> WriterT w m a

(Monoid w, MonadBaseControl b m) => MonadBaseControl b (WriterT w m)

Associated Types

type StM (WriterT w m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (WriterT w m) b -> b a) -> WriterT w m a

restoreM :: StM (WriterT w m) a -> WriterT w m a

MonadBaseControl b m => MonadBaseControl b (StateT s m)

Associated Types

type StM (StateT s m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (StateT s m) b -> b a) -> StateT s m a

restoreM :: StM (StateT s m) a -> StateT s m a

MonadBaseControl b m => MonadBaseControl b (StateT s m)

Associated Types

type StM (StateT s m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (StateT s m) b -> b a) -> StateT s m a

restoreM :: StM (StateT s m) a -> StateT s m a

MonadBaseControl b m => MonadBaseControl b (IdentityT * m)

Associated Types

type StM (IdentityT * m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (IdentityT * m) b -> b a) -> IdentityT * m a

restoreM :: StM (IdentityT * m) a -> IdentityT * m a

MonadBaseControl b m => MonadBaseControl b (ExceptT e m)

Associated Types

type StM (ExceptT e m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (ExceptT e m) b -> b a) -> ExceptT e m a

restoreM :: StM (ExceptT e m) a -> ExceptT e m a

(Error e, MonadBaseControl b m) => MonadBaseControl b (ErrorT e m)

Associated Types

type StM (ErrorT e m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (ErrorT e m) b -> b a) -> ErrorT e m a

restoreM :: StM (ErrorT e m) a -> ErrorT e m a

MonadBaseControl b m => MonadBaseControl b (ReaderT * r m)

Associated Types

type StM (ReaderT * r m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (ReaderT * r m) b -> b a) -> ReaderT * r m a

restoreM :: StM (ReaderT * r m) a -> ReaderT * r m a

(Monoid w, MonadBaseControl b m) => MonadBaseControl b (RWST r w s m)

Associated Types

type StM (RWST r w s m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (RWST r w s m) b -> b a) -> RWST r w s m a

restoreM :: StM (RWST r w s m) a -> RWST r w s m a

(Monoid w, MonadBaseControl b m) => MonadBaseControl b (RWST r w s m)

Associated Types

type StM (RWST r w s m :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (RWST r w s m) b -> b a) -> RWST r w s m a

restoreM :: StM (RWST r w s m) a -> RWST r w s m a

MonadBaseControl ((->) r) ((->) r)

Associated Types

type StM ((->) r :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase ((->) r) ((->) r) -> r -> a) -> r -> a

restoreM :: StM ((->) r) a -> r -> a

MonadBaseControl (Either e) (Either e)

Associated Types

type StM (Either e :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (Either e) (Either e) -> Either e a) -> Either e a

restoreM :: StM (Either e) a -> Either e a

MonadBaseControl (ST s) (ST s)

Associated Types

type StM (ST s :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (ST s) (ST s) -> ST s a) -> ST s a

restoreM :: StM (ST s) a -> ST s a

MonadBaseControl (ST s) (ST s)

Associated Types

type StM (ST s :: * -> *) a :: *

Methods

liftBaseWith :: (RunInBase (ST s) (ST s) -> ST s a) -> ST s a

restoreM :: StM (ST s) a -> ST s a

Internal state

A ResourceT internally is a modified ReaderT monad transformer holding onto a mutable reference to all of the release actions still remaining to be performed. If you are building up a custom application monad, it may be more efficient to embed this ReaderT functionality directly in your own monad instead of wrapping around ResourceT itself. This section provides you the means of doing so.

type InternalState = IORef ReleaseMap

The internal state held by a ResourceT transformer.

Since 0.4.6

getInternalState :: Monad m => ResourceT m InternalState

Get the internal state of the current ResourceT.

Since 0.4.6

runInternalState :: ResourceT m a -> InternalState -> m a

Unwrap a ResourceT using the given InternalState.

Since 0.4.6

withInternalState :: (InternalState -> m a) -> ResourceT m a

Run an action in the underlying monad, providing it the InternalState.

Since 0.4.6

createInternalState :: MonadBase IO m => m InternalState

Create a new internal state. This state must be closed with closeInternalState. It is your responsibility to ensure exception safety. Caveat emptor!

Since 0.4.9

closeInternalState :: MonadBase IO m => InternalState -> m ()

Close an internal state created by createInternalState.

Since 0.4.9

Backwards compatibility

type ExceptionT = CatchT

For backwards compatibility.

runExceptionT :: ExceptionT m a -> m (Either SomeException a)

For backwards compatibility.

runExceptionT_ :: Monad m => ExceptionT m a -> m a

Same as runExceptionT, but immediately throw any exception returned.

Since 0.3.0

runException :: ExceptionT Identity a -> Either SomeException a

Run an ExceptionT Identity stack.

Since 0.4.2

runException_ :: ExceptionT Identity a -> a

Run an ExceptionT Identity stack, but immediately throw any exception returned.

Since 0.4.2

class Monad m => MonadThrow m where

A class for monads in which exceptions may be thrown.

Instances should obey the following law:

throwM e >> x = throwM e

In other words, throwing an exception short-circuits the rest of the monadic computation.

Minimal complete definition

throwM

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> m a

Throw an exception. Note that this throws when this action is run in the monad m, not when it is applied. It is a generalization of Control.Exception's throwIO.

Should satisfy the law:

throwM e >> f = throwM e

Instances

MonadThrow []

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> [a]

MonadThrow Maybe

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> Maybe a

MonadThrow IO

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> IO a

MonadThrow Q

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> Q a

MonadThrow STM

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> STM a

(~) * e SomeException => MonadThrow (Either e)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> Either e a

Monad m => MonadThrow (CatchT m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> CatchT m a

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (ListT m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> ListT m a

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (MaybeT m)

Throws exceptions into the base monad.

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> MaybeT m a

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (ResourceT m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> ResourceT m a

(MonadThrow m, Monoid w) => MonadThrow (WriterT w m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> WriterT w m a

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (StateT s m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> StateT s m a

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (ExceptT e m)

Throws exceptions into the base monad.

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> ExceptT e m a

(Error e, MonadThrow m) => MonadThrow (ErrorT e m)

Throws exceptions into the base monad.

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> ErrorT e m a

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (IdentityT * m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> IdentityT * m a

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (StateT s m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> StateT s m a

(MonadThrow m, Monoid w) => MonadThrow (WriterT w m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> WriterT w m a

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (ReaderT * r m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> ReaderT * r m a

MonadThrow m => MonadThrow (ContT * r m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> ContT * r m a

(MonadThrow m, Monoid w) => MonadThrow (RWST r w s m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> RWST r w s m a

(MonadThrow m, Monoid w) => MonadThrow (RWST r w s m)

Methods

throwM :: Exception e => e -> RWST r w s m a

monadThrow :: (Exception e, MonadThrow m) => e -> m a

Backwards compatibility