streaming
Stream
can be used wherever FreeT is used. The compiler's standard range of optimizations work better for operations written in terms of Stream
. FreeT f m r
and Stream f m r
are of course extremely general, and many functor-general combinators are exported by the general module Streaming
.
The freely generated stream on a streamable functor
As soon as you consider the idea of an effectful stream of any kind whatsoever, for example, a stream of bytes from a handle, however constituted, you will inevitably be forced to contemplate the idea of a streaming succession of just such streams.
Thus, for example, however you imagine your bytes streaming from a handle, you will want to consider a succession of such streams divided on newlines.
Similarly, suppose you have the idea the unfolding of some sort of stream from a Haskell value, a seed - a file name, as it might be. And suppose you also have some idea of a stream of individual Haskell values - maybe a stream of file names coming from something like du
, subjected to some filter. Then you will also have the idea of a streaming succession of such unfoldings linked together end to end in accordance with the initial succession of seed values.
Call the thoughts in that paragraph the ABCs of streaming. If you understood these ABCs you have a total comprehension of Stream f m r
:
Stream
expresses what the word "succession" meant in the ABCs
- The general parameter
f
expresses what was meant by "such streams"
m
expresses the relevant form of "effect".
General combinators for working with this idea of succession irrespective of the form of succession are contained in the module Stream
. They can be used, or example, to organize a succession of io-streams Generator
s or pipes Producer
s or the effectful bytestreams of the streaming-bytestring library, or whatever stream-form you can express in a Haskell functor.
A freely generated stream of individual Haskell values is a Producer, Generator or Source
But, of course, as soon as you grasp the general form of succession, you are already in possession of the most basic concrete form: a simple succession of individual Haskell values one after another. This is just Stream ((,) a) m r
. Here we prefer Stream (Of a) m r
, strictifying the left element of the pair with
data Of a r = !a :> r deriving Functor
Either way, the pairing just links the present element with the rest of the stream. The primitive yield
statement just expresses the pairing of the yielded item with the rest of the stream; or rather it is itself the trivial singleton stream.
yield 17 :: Stream (Of Int) IO ()
Streaming.Prelude
is focused on the manipulation of this all-important stream-form, which appears in the streaming IO libraries under titles like:
io-streams: Generator a r
pipes: Producer a m r
conduit: ConduitM () o m r
streaming: Stream (Of a) m r
The only difference is that in streaming
the simple Generator or Producer concept is formulated explicitly in terms of the general concept of successive connection. But this is a concept you need and already possess anyway, as your comprehension of the four sentences above showed.
The special case of a stream of individual Haskell values that simply comes to an end without a special result is variously expressed thus:
io-streams: InputStream a
pipes: Producer a m ()
conduit: Source m a
machines: SourceT m a (= forall k. MachineT m k a)
streaming: Stream (Of a) m ()
Streaming.Prelude
Streaming.Prelude
closely follows Pipes.Prelude
. But since it restricts itself to use only of the general idea of streaming, it cleverly omits the pipes:
ghci> S.stdoutLn $ S.take 2 S.stdinLn
let's<Enter>
let's
stream<Enter>
stream
Here's a little connect and resume, as the streaming-io experts call it:
ghci> rest <- S.print $ S.splitAt 3 $ S.each [1..10]
1
2
3
ghci> S.sum rest
49
Somehow, we didn't even need a four-character operator for that, nor advice about best practices! - just ordinary Haskell common sense.
Mother's Prelude
v. Streaming.Prelude
The effort of Streaming.Prelude
is to leverage the intuition the user has acquired in mastering Prelude
and Data.List
and to elevate her understanding into a general comprehension of effectful streaming transformations. Unsurprisingly, it takes longer to type out the signatures. It cannot be emphasized enough, thought, that the transpositions are totally mechanical:
Data.List.Split.chunksOf :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]]
Streaming.chunksOf :: Int -> Stream f m r -> Stream (Stream f m) m r
Prelude.splitAt :: Int -> [a] -> ([a],[a])
Streaming.splitAt :: Int -> Stream f m r -> Stream f m (Stream f m r)
These concepts are "functor general", in the jargon used in the documentation, and are thus exported by the main Streaming
module. Something like break
requires us to inspect individual values for their properties, so it is found in the Streaming.Prelude
Prelude.break :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a],[a])
Streaming.Prelude.break :: (a -> Bool) -> Stream (Of a) m r -> Stream (Of a) m (Stream (Of a) m r)
It is easy to prove that resistance to these types is resistance to effectful streaming itself. I will labor this point a bit more below, but you can also find it developed, with greater skill, in the documentation for the pipes libraries.
How come there's not one of those fancy "ListT done right" implementations in here?
The use of the final return value appears to be a complication, but in fact it is essentially contained in the idea of effectful streaming. This is why this library does not export a _ListT done right/, which would be simple enough - following pipes
, as usual:
newtype ListT m a = ListT (Stream (Of a) m ())
The associated monad instance would wrap
yield :: (Monad m) => a -> Stream (Of a) m ()
for :: (Monad m, Functor f) => Stream (Of a) m r -> (a -> Stream f m ()) -> Stream f m r
To see the trouble, consider this signature for splitting a ListT very much done right. Here's what becomes of chunksOf. As long as we are trapped in some sort of ListT, however much rightly implemented, these operations can't be made to stream; something like a list must be accumulated. Similarly, try to imagine adding a splitAt
or lines
function to this API. It would accumulate strict text forever, just as this does and this doesn't and this doesn't The difference is simply that the latter libraries operate with the general concept of streaming, and the whole implementation is governed by it. The attractions of the various "ListT
done right" implementations are superficial; the concept belongs to logic programming, not stream programming.
Note similarly that you can write a certain kind of take and drop with the machines
library - as you can even with a "ListT
done right". But I wish you luck writing splitAt
! Similarly you can write a getContents; but I wish you luck dividing the resulting bytestream on its lines. This is - as usual! - because the library was not written with the general concept of effectful succession or streaming in view. Materials for sinking some elements of a stream in one way, and others in other ways - copying each line to a different file, as it might be, but without accumulation - are documented within. So are are myriad other elementary operations of streaming io.
Didn't I hear that free monads are a dog from the point of view of efficiency?
We noted above that if we instantiate Stream f m r
to Stream ((,) a) m r
or the like, we get the standard idea of a producer or generator. If it is instantiated to Stream f Identity m r
then we have the standard _free monad construction/. This construction is subject to certain familiar objections from an efficiency perspective; efforts have been made to substitute exotic cps-ed implementations and so forth. It is an interesting topic.
But in fact, the standard alarmist talk about retraversing binds and quadratic explosions and costly appends, and so on become transparent nonsense with Stream f m r
in its streaming use. The conceptual power needed to see this is basically nil: Where m
is read as IO
, or some transformed IO
, then the dreaded retraversing of the binds in a stream expression would involve repeating all the past actions. Don't worry, to get e.g. the second chunk of bytes from a handle, you won't need to start over and get the first one again! The first chunk has vanished into an unrepeatable past.
All of the difficulties a streaming library is attempting to avoid are concentrated in the deep irrationality of
sequence :: (Monad m, Traversable t) => t (m a) -> m (t a)
In the streaming context, this becomes
sequence :: Monad m, Functor f => Stream f m r -> Stream f m r
sequence = id
It is of course easy enough to define
accumulate :: Monad m, Functor f => Stream f m r -> m (Stream f Identity r)
or reifyBindsRetraversingWherePossible
or _ICan'tTakeThisStreamingAnymore
, as you might call it. The types themselves teach the user how to avoid or control the sort of accumulation characteristic of sequence
in its various guises e.g. mapM f = sequence . map f
and traverse f = sequence . fmap f
and replicateM n = sequence . replicate n
. See for example the types of
Control.Monad.replicateM :: Int -> m a -> m [a]
Streaming.Prelude.replicateM :: Int -> m a -> Stream (Of a) m ()
If you want to tempt fate and replicate the irrationality of Control.Monad.replicateM
, then sure, you can define the hermaphroditic chimera
accumulate . Streaming.Prelude.replicateM :: Int -> m a -> m (Stream (Of a) Identity ())
which is what we find in our diseased base libraries. But once you know how to operate with a stream directly you will see less and less point in what is called extracting the (structured) value from IO. The distinction between
"getContents" :: String
and
getContents :: IO String
but, omitting consideration of eof, we might define getContents
thus
getContents = sequence $ repeat getChar
There it is again! The very devil! By contrast there is no distinction between
"getContents" :: Stream (Of Char) m ()
and
getContents :: MonadIO m => Stream (Of Char) m ()
They unify just fine. That is, if I make the type synonym
type String m r = Stream (Of Char) m r
I get, for example:
"getLine" :: String m ()
getLine :: String IO ()
"getLine" >> getLine :: String IO ()
splitAt 20 $ "getLine" >> getLine :: String IO (String IO ())
length $ "getLine" >> getLine :: IO Int
and can dispense with half the advice they will give you on #haskell
. It is only a slight exaggeration to say that a stream should never be "extracted from IO".
With sequence
and traverse
, we accumulate a pure succession of pure values from a pure succession of monadic values.
Why bother if you have intrinsically monadic conception of succession or traversal? Stream f m r
gives you an immense body of such structures and a simple discipline for working with them. Spinkle id
freely though your program if you get homesick.
Interoperation with the streaming-io libraries
The simplest form of interoperation with pipes is accomplished with this isomorphism:
Pipes.unfoldr Streaming.next :: Stream (Of a) m r -> Producer a m r
Streaming.unfoldr Pipes.next :: Producer a m r -> Stream (Of a) m r
Of course, streaming
can be mixed with pipes
wherever pipes
itself employs Control.Monad.Trans.Free
; speedups are frequently appreciable. (This was the original purpose of the main Streaming
module, which just mechanically transposes a simple optimization employed in Pipes.Internal
.) Interoperation with io-streams is thus:
Streaming.reread IOStreams.read :: InputStream a -> Stream (Of a) IO ()
IOStreams.unfoldM Streaming.uncons :: Stream (Of a) IO () -> IO (InputStream a)
A simple exit to conduit would be, e.g.:
Conduit.unfoldM Streaming.uncons :: Stream (Of a) m () -> Source m a
These conversions should never be more expensive than a single >->
or =$=
.
At a much more general level, we also of course have interoperation with free:
Free.iterTM Stream.wrap :: FreeT f m a -> Stream f m a
Stream.iterTM Free.wrap :: Stream f m a -> FreeT f m a
Where can I find examples of use?
For some simple ghci examples, see the commentary throughout the Prelude module. For slightly more advanced usage see the commentary in the haddocks of streaming-bytestring and e.g. these replicas of shell-like programs from the io-streams tutorial. Here's a simple streaming GET request with intrinsically streaming byte streams.
Problems
Questions about this library can be put as issues through the github site or on the pipes mailing list. (This library understands itself as part of the pipes "ecosystem.")
implementation notes
This library defines an optimized FreeT
with an eye to use with streaming libraries, namely:
data Stream f m r
= Return r
| Step !(f (Stream f m r))
| Delay (m (Stream f m r))
in place of the standard FreeT
that we find in the free
library, which is approximately:
newtype FreeT f m r = FreeT {runFreeT :: m (Either r (f (FreeT f m r)))}
Rather than wrapping each step in a monadic 'layer', such a layer is put alongside separate 'pure' constructors for a functor 'layer' and a final return value. The maneuver is very friendly to the compiler, but requires a bit of subtlety to protect a sound monad instance. Just such an optimization is adopted internally by the pipes
library. As in pipes
, the constructors are here left in an Internal
module; the main Streaming
module exporting the type itself and various operations and instances.
There is also a still-incomplete Prelude
of functions, some FreeT
or Stream
- general, some involving the functor ((,) a)
here called Of a
. (Stream (Of a) m r
like FreeT ((,) a) m r
is equivalent to the pipes
Producer a m r
type. Similarly, Stream (Of a) m ()
and FreeT ((,) a) m ()
are possible implementations of ListT done right
.
I ran a simple benchmark (adjusting a script of John Weigly) using a very simple composition of functions:
toList
. filter (\x -> x `mod` 2 == 0)
. map (+1)
. drop 1000
. map (+1)
. filter even
. each
The the results were fairly pleasing:
benchmarking basic/streaming
time 84.50 ms (79.81 ms .. 87.90 ms)
benchmarking basic/iostreams
time 266.2 ms (235.6 ms .. 292.0 ms)
benchmarking basic/pipes
time 232.0 ms (206.6 ms .. 246.7 ms)
benchmarking basic/conduit
time 102.3 ms (96.24 ms .. 110.0 ms)
This sequence of pre-packaged combinators is, I think, very friendly to the more recent conduit fusion framework. The framework of course doesn't apply to user-defined operations, where we should expect times like those shown for pipes. Since the combinators from streaming
is defined with naive recursion, more or less as the user might, we have reason to think the result is characteristic, but much more benchmarking is needed before anything can be said with certainty. The labor of constructor-hiding may turn up some further difficulty.